Reebok Pursuing Generation X

Reebok: Pursuing Generation X Reebok is a global, American inspired brand, in a highly competitive athletic and sportswear industry, committed to creating products and marketing programs that reflect the brand’s unlimited creative potential (Reebok). The 2003 rankings place Reebok in third place of U. S. athletic shoe market share with 13%; Nike dominates at 36% while other athletic brands make up 26% of the U. S. market (Sporting Goods Intelligence). In 1982, Reebok was a main component in introducing a women’s athletic shoe designed specifically for the latest trend in exercise known as aerobic dance.This, as we all know, was not a trend but rather an athletic revolution towards women’s fitness and increase entrance into sports, which expanded the target market for the athletic and the sportswear industry. The acceptance of sneakers as an adult casual wear evolved in the 1980’s as well as a market prediction that was a catalyst to the early success of Re ebok as an athletic brand leader. Since the 1980’s, the market environment has changed dramatically and has proven to be a complex and highly competitive advertising arena. Print and TV ads of the past are no longer the premier marketing platforms as they once were.The athletic and sporting goods companies of today must bring to the consumers a compelling and gripping advertising campaign to earn the attention and revenue of today’s technology driven consumer. Target markets are evolving from the baby boomer era to the Gen Xers and with that shift, comes a new consumer ideology and therefore new marketing strategies. The advertising mediums that companies utilize are challenged to reach an elusive target audience guarded by TiVo technology, mobile internet as well as personal philosophies seeking purpose and added value, even in product selection.This case outlined advertising challenges, as well as opportunities Reebok faced in an expanding digital media world and its players; Generation X. Question 1: How would the team explain viral marketing to the class? Viral marketing wasn’t made up out of thin air; it started before the birth of the Internet under another name known as word-of-mouth. There are many differences between the two strategies but the principle is identical: exchange information about an event, place, person or idea from one outlet to another. So, to understand how viral marketing works one must understand word-of-mouth.Word-of mouth marketing is when a company provides consumers, a reason to bring up their company in normal conversation. This could be from an ad on the television, a flyer that you saw downtown in a deli, or maybe an advertisement that you heard on a radio station that caught your attention while you were driving. That sounds a lot like viral marketing, but a person only has so many hours in the day; so why would they ever think of calling all of their friends/family up to tell them about something they s aw, previous to their conversation?Unless it was a catastrophic event or something that was deeply related to them personally, that’s just not likely to happen. With viral marketing, there are two main components that are needed: a large audience, and a way to spread information exponentially, also known as the Internet. The first traces of Internet viral marketing were, according to â€Å"The Virus of Marketing†, in 1997 when Hotmail attached ads to outgoing messages. It was rather astonishing the reaction that the public had after forwarding the ads to other email addresses, allowing users to reach thousands of potential clients in the matter of a few easy clicks.These were only the primitive years of viral marketing, and it has become one of the most valued marketing strategies of the 21st century. The term ‘viral marketing’ is one that is used, both, on a regular and large scale. This is mostly due to the highly populated areas, such as YouTube and oth er social media outlets where video, music, photographs, ideas and other forms of entertainment, can be passed from one individual to another easily. Social media sources and YouTube allow users to be interconnected with millions of people in the matter of seconds.Over 500 million people around the world, have an account with Facebook, which not only makes marketing researchers drool, but also makes up a huge population of word-of-mouth users that are able to upload and send information to their ‘friends’. Within the past decade, viral marketing has taken exponential leaps thanks to the increased use of the Internet. A successful viral marketing campaign works when an individual views information online and passes it on to another; the individuals whom were showed the information to will also share it to their list of friends via the Internet.This creates a snowball effect and the subject in discussion becomes extremely popular in an impressive amount of time through ma ss word-of-mouth aka viral marketing. Question 2: How did Mickey Pant introduce viral-marketing to Reebok’s promotional strategy? To what extent does viral-marketing replace traditional media such as TV, radio, direct mail, etc.? Mickey Pant, the chief marketing officer at Reebok, understood the increasingly changing culture of consumers today.Gone are the days where TV advertisements and radio spots were enough to capture the mass audience of target consumers, waiting idly by to be swayed into purchasing the latest and greatest products. Evolved, is a new generation of consumers, known as Generation X; not easily penetrated by brand loyalty and logo suaveness, but are rather driven by a sense of worthiness and greater purpose. Gen Xers are characterized as skeptical of advertising and are active users of digital media, especially the Internet and are compelled to lead a life filled with meaning rather than monetary gains alone.According to OnPoint Marketing, Gen Xers make up 17% of the population and spend $125 billion annually on consumer goods in the U. S. With a growing target audience that thrives on digital media, Mickey Pant understood that Reebok would have to pursue a new direction in advertising that would resonate with the Gen Xers. This concept would have to connect and appeal to what drives the consumers and outshine the competition in an already saturated market dominated by Nike and Adidas.Pant chose the 2003 Super Bowl XXXVII as the platform, launching â€Å"one of the most popular viral marketing campaigns ever to be aired in history: the infamous Terry Tate Office Linebacker ad. † The commercial was a largely successful campaign that reached a market of consumers that were heavy users of the Internet and TiVo, which earned Reebok. com the ninth largest content provider on the internet. The Tate commercial became an instant hit with its office humor of politically correct antics and depiction of cubicle mishaps, which appealed to the undervalued Gen Xers and caused the ad to go viral across the Internet.After the Tate commercial aired, the Reebok website underwent 20 commercial downloads per second and the Reebok online store traffic increased seven-fold, creating a viral phenomenon. Ultimately, Mickey Pant understood the cultural changes that characterized the life of Gen Xers and relied upon the Internet to carry the campaign. Even though the ads weren’t aired on TV again, they will forever live on, on the Internet. With the undoubtedly increasing digital age, a shift from the more traditional media platforms such as newspaper and TV, to online and mobile advertising is inevitable. 003 was the year Reebok launched the first digital media campaign, and since then, numerous digital campaigns have followed. The growing need for companies to create a more interactive and transactional experience with its customers is expansive, allowing for such outlets as the Internet and mobile advertising to become more attractive. In the case, Reebok notes a shift in investments away from magazines and newspapers, to online and mobile platforms. The advertising breakdowns, according to an outside source, the Yankee Group, reports that TV advertising dropped 21. % during 2008-2009 and fell an additional 12% in 2010. The trend fairs similar for the newspaper industry, reporting that in 2005 the industry had revenue around $47 billion while today it is only half that amount. The report lists the 2009 statistics for U. S. consumer’s average time spent watching TV as three hours 17 minutes, while the average time spent online is four hours and 13 minutes and mobile phone usage average per day is one hour and 18 minutes. Due to consumers spending less time viewing television and extended time on the internet, online advertisements revenues grew 8. % between 2008 and 2009. While traditional TV advertising still has a large role in sportswear marketing strategies, viral marketing, digital adve rtising and mobile marketing are the platforms to focus in on to reach the largest consumer base. Question 3: What’s the Team’s assessment of the Terry Tate campaign? Did it increase Reebok’s brand equity? Was the central message effective? Memorable? In 2003, Terry Tate and Reebok teamed up to produce a series of 60 second T. V. ads, at a cost of $4 million, which aired during the Super Bowl; these commercials were an instant hit.Reeboks website, soon after the ad’s aired, was clocking 20 downloads per second. While the ads were an instant classic, having more than 20 million views to date, they did not produce an increase in sales or market share. How could an ad so popular and funny not create the brand equity Reebok was hoping for? Our team, after reviewing the Terry Tate spots, decided that was because the ads did not tie Reebok sufficiently into the ads. During the videos, Terry Tate wore a gold Reebok chain and the Reebok logo was shown at the end of the spot; this was not enough.One of the consequences of Reebok not showing its brand enough in the commercial was that people would not be able to tie Terry Tate to Reebok. The commercials were memorable, yes, but in order to have brand equity, the viewer needs to remember Reebok and Terry Tate, not just Terry Tate. Reebok’s marketing team believed that the Tate commercial brought a â€Å"new cool dimension† to the brand, even though Reebok’s brand perception and awareness had not changed. Overall, we think the central message was not entirely effective. While the ads were memorable and funny, they were not memorable and funny in a way that helped Reebok’s Brand Equity.Even though there main goal with the ads were not met, Reebok did create something that generated a massive â€Å"buzz† and hype around Terry Tate. Question 4: To what extent should traditional advertising effectiveness measures be relied upon in the Terry—Tate/Reebok case ? In this Reebok case, the traditional advertising method was the â€Å"Terry Tate Office Linebacker† television advertisements. The campaign was extremely successful on television and the Internet. The Gen Xers and the public related to the commercials because they were office based and because a large linebacker would tackle employees that everyone hates.We believed that Reebok understood that their target markets would see the commercial on television, like it, and then seek other ways to view or learn more about the commercials and the brand. Because Gen Xers were technology savvy and used the Internet on a regular basis, even after the commercials had stopped airing on television, the public would watch the commercials and advertisements on Reebok. com. Reebok decided to make longer Terry Tate films, and after that marketing move, Reebok’s website became the ninth largest content provider on the Internet, streaming 1 terabyte of data per day and using 16 servers.R eebok. com was averaging 20 downloads per second and 20 million downloads to date. The Reebok online store increased and even began to sell Terry Tate bobble head dolls and shirts. We believe that traditional advertising was relied on heavily to launch the Terry Tate advertisements, but once the commercials became popular, the Internet was the predominant method of exposure. The Internet gave Reebok more freedom and versatility to really push the limits and make their audiences fall in love with the brand. Mickey Pant was able to air longer films of Terry Tate and sell Terry Tate merchandise from the online Reebok store.Not only did the Internet help Reebok develop the Terry Tate character, it also increased Reebok sales and brand awareness to the world. Question 5: Is this type of campaign capable of capturing the attention of the Gen. X consumer? Why, why not? We felt like this type of campaign was very capable of gaining the attention and respect from members of Generation X, bec ause of one general thought: it was something that they could easily identify with. This series of commercials showed instances that Gen Xers were familiar with and had some sort of emotional connection to.In many office cultures, it is considered very rude to do such things as, drink the last pot of coffee and not refill the coffee pot, or to fart when in a small elevator when there are other people in there; those were the norms that the Reebok ads sought to use. According to Rawson Thurber, the man who played Terry Tate, â€Å"(the popularity) has very little to do with football and a lot to do with how much people hate office culture† (Thurber, 10). To us, that meant that Gen Xers enjoyed the commercials so much, not because they were dedicated to the Reebok band, but because the commercials depicted things that they could easily identify with.Even though there were so many different things that could have gone wrong with this campaign, it went off without a hitch. Gen Xe rs were drawn into this series of commercials because they enjoyed Terry Tate so much: he was the person who punished those who didn’t obey the unspoken etiquette rules that office life comes with. When looking back on this campaign and its success, Mickey Pant, the chief marketing officer of Reebok, mused that the success of the campaign was, â€Å"that the campaign was hysterically funny and immediately generated a massive â€Å"buzz† and hype around Terry Tate and, by extension, Reebok† (Pant, 10).In essence, the campaign worked because Gen Xers loved the spokesperson of Reebok, and not because they had some sort of brand loyalty to Reebok as a whole. Overall, we believe that the digital revolution played a major role in getting Reebok’s name out there. Even though the ads never really had any major ties to Reebok, as a brand, it still helped generate revenue to Reebok, through their website.As a team, we feel like the Terry Tate ads wouldn’t ha ve been as successful if they were just present in print or even if they were destined to remain on TV. TV ads are vastly different than Internet ads because of the simple fact that TV ads cost a lot more to produce. As mentioned before, Reebok spent $4 million to show the Terry Tate commercials on TV; having commercials on the Internet cost much less. The digital revolution has made cheaper, more widespread advertising possible and more available to everyone.

Message to Garcia Essay

In the short writing, Message to Garcia, the author Elbert Hubbard writes of a man named Rowen, who is tasked with delivering a letter to the leader of the Cuban resistance forces, General Garcia. But the story is not about his trials, or his mishaps. It’s not about his journey nor his thoughts about the situation at all. The story actually mentions Rowan only a few times throughout. The author instead focuses on the qualities of Rowan, not on what he says, but, rather on what he didn’t. The narrator of the story, who is never actually named but whom can be assumed to be in close conjunction with those who were tasked with reaching Garcia, speaking of Rowans undeniable loyalty to the cause. The situation was seemingly impossible. Trying to reach Garcia who was actively trying to stay hid to deliver a message asking for his cooperation. With no questions asked Rowan sats out on his three week journey to deliver the message. The connection between Rowans silence on the details of the mission, and his loyalty to the task and the ones giving it to him are explained further in the story. In fact later on, it becomes less of a story and more of a guidance manual to the readers. It explains that how many times nowadays, or perhaps most times, success is gained through back ended means. People in general sense do not possess the mindset to focus on a task, nor have the willingness to gain that mindset. When told to accomplish a task, they wither go do it halfheartedly is at all, or simply shift it to the side, or the gutter as the author put it. The main connection that the author made was that Rowan did not ask where General Garcia was. Not because he already knew, but that he knew enough about the situation that he had already made the determination that he was tasked with the mission because nobody else knew either. To put it simple, it did not matter whether he asked or not. His success of the mission relied purely on his skills and accomplishing the task. Asking questions like who  and how ere of little consequence. He had to do it and he would do it. As I said before, the author was not concerned with the journey, but his willingness and loyalty to mission accomplishment to begin the impossible journey at all. The author also goes into details about another man, to describe the polar opposite of Rowan. He describes the man as impervious to reason, unable to take orders, nor give them. Basically describing a large portion of todays society. The people with a society of people such as that is that progress is halted, not because the means aren’t there, but that there is not initiative to find the means and put them into effect to get things done. To a logical thinking person, the conclusion is this, that Rowans qualities of dedication to the mission, and his comrades that would more the likely be benefited by his actions, even if he could not immediately see it, are qualities that we should all strive to possess. To better ourselves and those around us is a mission in itself, one that we should all be loyal too, not just for us, but for everyone, For is everyone shared this sentiment, perhaps the need to send a letter to General Garcia would not have existed at all. The need for us to observe situations, or missions, if you will, from a third person point of view, rather than looking just at how they will benefit us, or take us out of our comfort zones, becomes more necessary as we receive more responsibility to get the mission accomplished.

Communication And Newspaper Essay

Racism and sexism were a major part of the 1950s and 1960s, with very few newspapers or magazines being able to maintain neutrality in their printed word against such hate. The Watts riots of Los Angeles in the movie, Heat Wave, involved attacks of a bigoted police force against black individuals who had very little education, were living in poverty, with most of the people having no jobs–with unemployment being higher here than anywhere else. Many of these individuals felt they were being prejudiced against, with only five of the actual 205 police officers involved in the riots being African-American. In the movie, the Los Angeles Times reporter was played by Robert Richardson, as white reporters were not allowed in the area, which was a reverse discrimination of the riot itself. The whole picture was about racism, poverty, desperation, and feelings of anxiety and striking out against the world with feelings of   â€Å"enough is enough.† It also is about how someone in the lead role of a intolerant and racist police chief can influence whole neighborhoods of the African Americans, leading them to feelings of hopelessness and despair, eventually leading to the Watts riot which led to even more riots across the country as people began rebelling against their treatment. The movie Crash was also portrayed in Los Angeles, and also involves racism and prejudice. If possible, in a more dramatic way it regards how people interact with each other and how they develop a first impression based on race or statement, forming feelings of prejudice. It seems as if the movie is totally about relationships and different races of people, telling how we get all messed up inside and form wrong impressions about things that maybe later on we would never consider. The role of Officer Hanson in Crash psychologically seems to continue from the raging police in Heat Wave, yet here it shows that behind the scene of their abusive personality, it shows another side of racism in a different form of view, even though it brings up more violence and maybe other things causing it. It is a step-up in the picture of how discrimination, racism, and sexism develop in societies and within individuals. It is not always a black and white scene, but has many variables involved in it. In Crash, the viewpoint changed from the reporter’s view on how something can happen like a riot of minorities, or a car hi-jacking, as portrayed to the public or world to see how something can develop from the viewpoint of the stereotyped races—eventually even seeing things from the viewpoint of the police and why they feel the way they do. The third way of thinking refers to the scene in the movie Come See The Paradise, almost as if completing the circle of prejudice and racism. The writer of Crash felt that intolerance was a collective problem that needed to be explored along with shared humanity, almost as a â€Å"gang effect.† In the movie Come See The Paradise, Jack McGurn is a union organizer in New York City that is parallel to the police in the other two movies in regard to status and position, but finds himself on the wrong side of the law, also similar to the car hi-jackers or the rioters in the previous two movies. Fleeing to Los Angeles, he becomes involved in the Asia-American world, which involves racist and sexist as the blacks or Japanese, but he is the one who is prejudiced against when he tries to marry Lily, an Asian-American woman, by her father. The state of California also is prejudiced by their relationship by refusing to marry them, which forces them to flee to Seattle where they can wed. Prior to the prejudice and rioting of the 50s and 60s, â€Å"Civilian Exclusion Order No. 92† became the forced removal of all Japanese and Japanese-Americans from their homes into detention camps, with very few actually knowing where they were going or why. After WWII was over, and the Japanese Internment was actually admitting to as a wrong–doing by the United States, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed to make sure that the Japanese Americans were repaid for being locked up like criminals, during a time when prejudice and fear took away the rights of our citizens because they were of another nationality involved in a wrong-doing. This was a time when citizens of the United States lost their rights because of who their race was against the power of the United States. They literally had to stand in-line to toilet, to eat, were told when to go to bed, etc.—meanwhile losing their homes, jobs and many family members. Needless to say, their dignity and pride were torn away because they were Japanese, not because of what they did wrong. Similar to the African-American racist riots in the 1960s, with many of the blacks forced into jail and torn away from their homes because they were black, the Japanese were treated just as bad. The African-Americans targeted were jobless, homeless, and drifting throughout life—which were automatic red flags for white police to pick them up. During the Japanese Internment, just being Japanese was an automatic red flag to be put in detention camps during WWII. With about 120,000 of these Japanese-Americans being forced into the camps, it was held in little regard that 2/3 of them were actually American citizens, and had rights under our Constitution, even though they were a minority group. They simply were unlucky enough to be Japanese during a time when the bombing of Pearl Harbor occurred, and they became the focus of the United State’s hate and prejudice. Living in the camps for three years under armed guards, this became a shameful period for our country when we had the audacity to treat our own people this way when they had done nothing wrong other than become a victimized race.   At one time, the Constitution of the United States actually protected the rights of our citizens, but the perfect union was not perfect during this WWII period or even later on, as the minority groups became a separate entity during the WWII as opposed to being a citizen of respect, as did the African-Americans during a later period, and is to this day. In my opinion, the similarity of the Japanese Internment period and the rioting of the 50s and 60s have changed very little, with one group locked up in detention camps and the other in prison. Both groups are imprisoned more due to race and color, by ignorant and bigoted individuals of authority who choose to separate themselves from their victims as beings of superiority. Very few looked at their victims and ask, â€Å"what kind of life did they lead before this moment, and what led to this?† and â€Å"do they consider themselves as criminals and doing wrong, because they were born Japanese or Black?†Ã‚   And did any of the answers justify the actions of their jailers? Race and racism is part of the United States and has very little to do with ethics or morality of the human race. Do we have room for a neighbor of another nationality? No—at the present time due to 9/11 the same thing is happening. How many people who are of the same race as the terrorist groups, are being punished by the United States and its citizen, being questioned in detention camps year after year, and with torturous techniques labeled as acceptable by our President? How different is this from the Japanese Internment period, or the locking up and beating of the African-American people simply because they were overly populated, living in extreme poverty, or uneducated? It is not†¦and we repeat history again and again, never learning compassion or empathy, which is why we are so popular with third world countries that are uneducated, poverty stricken, and over-populated—and who we are 100% prejudiced against.    Bibilography There needs to be the information here of the newspaper coverage, â€Å"the Readings,, of the Japanese-American Intemment during WW2 and the civil Rights movement of the late 1950`s,† which I do not have.

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment Essay

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment - Essay Example The crisis situation started during the financial crisis of 2007. With the announcement of bankruptcy of Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers the financial crisis situation started in 2007. These two companies were the largest financial corporations in the world during this period of time and with the shocking announcement by these two companies that there are going to call themselves as bankrupt have intensified the critical financial and economic future of the United States of America. This announcement has only adversely affected the American economic conditions and scenarios but has also negatively affected the related economic conditions of other countries of the world, such as UK and most of the countries of the European Union, Japan, Russia, India, China and many more (Artis, 2010, pp. 101-102). The financial crisis situation in the USA became more intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of t he growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. ... intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of the growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. The American government could not achieve the success of financial stability in the country during this time and this drawback of the American government reflected in the case of severe financial crisis in the country during this time (Katz, 2010, pp. 2-5). The crisis situation of the time emerged when the financial sector of the country and of the developed countries of the world have lost lot of money and financial assets in the market. This crisis situation caused the financial intermediaries of the world, in general, and large financial banks of America, in particular, to suffer from loss of their financial stability and financial assets in the market . In this crisis situation the loss the hedge fund in the share market of the country, which is still considered as the biggest and most financially powerful share market in the whole world, caused most of the large financial corporations to reduce their level of spending in order to raise the level of asset in the financial market. In this financial crisis situation the large financial business organisations, such as Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers, adopted the business strategy of reducing the work force of the company and to reduce the level of national as well as international investments. These financial business organisations started to sack as many people as possible within few months time to increase the potentiality of earning greater volume of money in favour of making the

Plato's The Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plato's The Republic - Essay Example At the very onset, Socrates expounds on the evils of imitative art, which is "thrice removed from the truth". He sets out to prove his point by saying that anything with a common name is believed to correspond with the same ides. He elaborates using an example - there are plenty of beds and tables but the idea behind the use of the same belongs to one only. It is the same person who makes "not only vessels of every kind, but plants and animals, himself and all other things" he is the maker. It may be possible for anyone to do the same by holding up a mirror, but that would merely be appearances. Thus in the same way a painter is a mere "creator of appearances". Getting back to the example there are three artisans who make it - one is God, who is and always will be the primary source for every conceivable idea, the carpenter who makes the bed for practical use and finally the painter who merely imitates. Therefore he serves no discernible purpose. Socrates says the imitator is always far from the truth. He has but a smattering of knowledge which he parades as the truth and simple folks, who know no better, accept it at face value. Poets are usually thought of as veritable founts of knowledge. Homer, the legendary poet for instance is believed to be knowledgeable man, able administrator and an astute observer of human nature. But if that been the case surely he would have been at the forefront of the events in his day instead of relegating himself to the background Thus one must beware of poetry because it amounts to nothing when stripped of its colors and insidious charm. Thus in a realm where truth has been elevated to the highest possible peak, there is no place for art which is so far removed from truth. Its banishment from the ideal society may however be revoked if it can prove to have its use in upholding truth, morality and virtue instead of detracting from it. PLATO'S VIEWS ON CENSORSHIP Plato through his speaker waxes eloquent on the need for censorship in art. Not only are the artists negligent with regard to truth but they contribute to moral decay as well. These imitators have no knowledge of what is good, bad or truly beautiful; they merely portray what they perceive as the real thing. The common man is carried away by the lure and charm of the arts and has no way or means of piercing this faade. Socrates asserts that the better part of the soul is the one which seeks refuge in rationale. Poetry meanwhile appeals to the baser instincts in man. In the face of calamity most people in the grip of reason would attempt to keep calm, without indulging in wasteful and destructive passions. However in poetry, the protagonist would wallow in despair, bewailing his fate in lengthy oration. The audience will get carried away and forget themselves in the process without realizing that "from the evil of other men something of evil is communicated to themselves." Thus it is imperative that, art which is flippant, morally licentious or just plain ridiculous be firmly uprooted from society before it allows the beast in man to run wild resulting in moral collapse and social ruin. THE WRITER'S VIEW ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ART While Plato's views on the role of art in the republic are convincing and partly

Determinants of capital structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Determinants of capital structure - Essay Example es statement of financial position, cash flow statement as well as statement of income of many existing and extinct companies based all over the world. Initially, a great deal of effort was made to define the independent and dependent variable required for the purpose of regression analysis. The regression analysis that has been done in this particular study is based upon gearing measures. Thus, in order to conduct this analysis, alternative definitions of gearing have been explained in the following paragraphs. Non-equity liabilities to total assets: The book value of this gearing ratio is the ratio between the total debt plus trade credit and equivalent to total assets (equation 1). The market value of this gearing measure can be calculated by adjusting the value of the total assets, deducting the book value of equity and adding the market value of equity (equation 2). The equation can be represented as follows: According to Rajan and Zingales (1995), the gearing measure serves as a proxy for the liquidation value of a company. The authors also argued that the value of this indicator may be significantly inflated, as it may only represent financial transactions, instead of assets. Debt to Total Assets: This gearing measure is the ratio between the total debts to total assets (equation 3). The market value of this multiple is determined by adjusting the asset, by deducting the book value of equity and adding the market value of equity (equation 4) (Phillips, Libby and Libby, 2011; Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). The equation can be represented as follows: Debt to Capital: This gearing measure is the ratio between the total debts to capital. The capital in the denominator represents the total debt plus the equity, which includes the preference shares as well (equation 5) (Rose and Hudgins, 2008). The market value of this gearing measure is calculated by adjusting market value of equity, instead of adjusting the book value of equity (equation 6). The equation can be

Digital Forensic Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital Forensic Tools - Essay Example Likewise, anomalous space extraction will enhance capabilities of network administrators for PCA based methods. Moreover, network wide correlation analysis of amplitude and frequency that is also a subset of this methodology will determine overall transmission of data packets initiating from these distributed networks. After the identification of the root cause or source of the worm, the next step is to identify the infected nodes as well. Network administrator will use a specialized tool capable of all the mentioned technological methods, as manual work will consume a lot of time and in some cases it becomes impossible to detect unknown patterns that are located deep down the network layers. The name of the tool is ‘Wireshark’, as it has advanced facilities and features that will analyze network traffic packet by packet and will provide in-depth analysis (Scalisi 2010). By using this ‘Wireshark’ tool, the first step a network administrator will take is the identification of traffic type or port types that will be the focus area. Likewise, the second step will be associated with capturing data packets on all ports that are available on the network (Scalisi 2010). However, the Network Forensic Analysis Tool (NFAT) provides playback actions for investigations an electronic crime or hacking activity. NFAT targets users, hosts and protocols along with content analysis as well. In spite of all these features, NFAT does not support overall detection of live network traffic. Consequently, ‘Wireshark’ will differentiate unknown network patters by analyzing each port so that statistics related to each data packet can be identified. The third task will be to trace the source from where the attack has been initiated.... Network administrator will use a specialized tool capable of all the mentioned technological methods, as manual work will consume a lot of time and in some cases it becomes impossible to detect unknown patterns that are located deep down the network layers. The name of the tool is ‘Wireshark’, as it has advanced facilities and features that will analyze network traffic packet by packet and will provide in-depth analysis (Scalisi 2010). By using this ‘Wireshark’ tool, the first step a network administrator will take is the identification of traffic type or port types that will be the focus area. Likewise, the second step will be associated with capturing data packets on all ports that are available on the network (Scalisi 2010). However, the Network Forensic Analysis Tool (NFAT) provides playback actions for investigations an electronic crime or hacking activity. NFAT targets users, hosts and protocols along with content analysis as well. In spite of all thes e features, NFAT does not support overall detection of live network traffic. Consequently, ‘Wireshark’ will differentiate unknown network patters by analyzing each port so that statistics related to each data packet can be identified. The third task will be to trace the source from where the attack has been initiated. Likewise, network administrators have to focus on two areas i.e. record routes and time stamps. Moreover, these two fields are also considered by network administrators to address routing issues that may occur.

Constructivism and post-structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Constructivism and post-structuralism - Essay Example Definitions of constructivism frequently stress the dual character of social and material world. Social constructions, in this conceptualisation, must refer back to and hook up with a pre-existing materiality. Adler argues that the material world shapes human interaction and vice versa. Jeffrey Checkel says that 'the environment in which agents/states take action is social as well as material'. These descriptions invoke a duality of the social and the material and thereby claim an existence independent of representations for the material realm. Peter Katzenstein, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner stress that constructivists insist 'on the primacy of intersubjective structures that give the material world meaning'. This takes us on to a second key element of constructivism, namely intersubjectivity. According to Adler, constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective know ledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key.

647 W2A Project Selection Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

647 W2A Project Selection Risk - Essay Example From the perspectives of members of the board and the executive management team, the NLMS would enable and facilitate an increase in student population and enrollment. Through access to various sources of academic information and links that would be programmed in the GU’s official website, more visitors are expected to be enticed to apply to the universities varied programs and services. In every project, there are potential risks and bottlenecks that are inevitable; yet manageable. As defined, a â€Å"risk involves a source or cause (e.g., some possible event), a mechanism by which the risk source could impact the objectives of the organization, and some level and type of potentially adverse consequences† (Lee Merkhoff Consulting, 2014, p. 1). For the NLMS, the following are identified as potential risks and bottlenecks, specifically in areas which could affect or influence the achievement of the project objectives: From the table of potential risks, the degree and severity of occurrence were appropriately identified. As shown, there were risks that were classified in seriousness from low to medium; while likelihood is classified from low, medium to high. Cost overrun could occur in the implementation stage, especially during the transition stage and while orienting potential users of the NLMS. Likewise, depending on the results of the performance monitoring and evaluation stage, any significant corrections or revisions that are needed would entail additional costs for GU. Thus, the risk of deviating from schedule would be high. Corrections for actual plans is perceived to be medium in seriousness; meaning, all relevant points were already foreseen and incorporated during the planning stage. As such, the likelihood for adverse corrections is low. Moreover, resistance from stakeholders is seen to be low since they

Humanistic View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanistic View - Essay Example He also put forward that a person could not reach to a next higher need in the hierarchy until her or his current needs were significantly or completely satisfied. Many enterprises have been influenced by these theories and changes brought about in the structure of the organization have yielded excellent results (Maslow, 1943). According to Abraham Maslow, 'needs' can be classified in a hierarchal format where the needs are ranked according to their importance. The basic needs have to be fulfilled before a higher need takes priority. The first level is the basic existence needs which include the physiological needs such as food, water, shelter and clothing. These are the most common needs that most people have except for those who live below the poverty line. Once an individual gets these, the person requires social security needs. These include the security in terms of a person feeling secure from robbery, theft as well as the feeling of insecurity in terms of having a job or having a house. As a person moves upwards to the next level, lower level needs are no longer prioritized. However if lower set of needs is no longer being met, the individual will temporarily re-prioritize those needs by focusing attention on the unfulfilled needs. Next, come the need for love and belonging with friends, families, co lleagues, communities and the society. When they are satisfied, a person requires esteem needs with self-respect. When these four levels are met, a person reaches the self-actualisation level where a person needs to realize one's own potential. Self-perfection is required to fulfil this need which may never come. (Srensen, 2006) Example When the needs of a social care user are matched against Maslow's need theory, the two lowest levels of need seem to be supported by the social care providers. Food, shelter, security and clothing are provided by the social care company satisfying the basic two levels of Maslow's hierarchy. It is at this second level where most users of the social care find themselves after being through with the social care. However, love and belonging is not at all the manifesto of social care providers hence a person is stuck at this level as a lower need has to be largely satisfied before the next can come into play. Esteem and self-actualisation needs may never be reached by the users of social care service and is impossible until they stop depending on the service and stand on their own feet. Where the social care providers are providing the basic two needs, they should also focus on creating such a strong base for their users that the users can progress from there on their own and not fall bac k to attain a lower need. (Srensen, 2006) Conclusion So from the point of Abraham Maslow about the humanistic view, it can be said that humans are ungrateful creatures who always want more no matter what. As one need gets fulfilled, another need comes up and this cycle continues onwards until a person attains self-actualization and this is the nature of all humans. Works Cited 1. H. Maslow (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation.

Employment and Staff Essay Example for Free

Employment and Staff Essay Motivating staff is essential to a business, because if the staff are motivated that means they’re happy, and are happy to do the job and are more likely to do a better job than someone who’s unmotivated and unhappy. To motivate staff, business can use one of the motivational theories, researched by theorists such as Taylor, McGregor, McClelland, Vroom, Herzberg, Maslow and Mayo. Mayo’s research found that after a number of experiments testing incentive schemes, rest period, hours of work, and changes in lighting and heating whatever changes were made, output continued to rise. This motivated the staff, and Tesco uses this theory to motivate their staff. All of their staff gets breaks, so when they are tired of the job, they can go to a canteen to get some food, or just sit down and rest. Also nowadays a lot of people smoke, and if a person has been smoking for a while, they tend to get stressed easily, and they need a cigarette to calm themselves down, so Tesco lets people to have cigarette breaks when people get stressed out. Also the conditions of work will help to motivate the staff, for example in summer when it’s really hot all of their stores have air conditioning, so all the staff and their customers are cool, because people tend to work better and are happier when they are cool. Tesco also uses Maslow’s theory, which suggests that the staff needs to be ranked into hierarchy, so for example the bottom of the hierarchy will have basic needs, when the top of the hierarchy will have greater needs. So someone who works in a store stocking shelves, their needs will be to have a break when they’re working, to get a new uniform etc. Where the area manager for example will have greater needs, for example because they have to travel a lot from store to store they will want to get a car for them to be able to travel, also the petrol to be paid for. Also because their role involves a lot of responsibility they will expect to get paid more for doing the job than someone who works in a store and their only responsibility is to make sure that all of the shelves are stocked up. If all of their staff needs are unsatisfied, then it means the staff will be unhappy and unmotivated which will reflect in their performance. Tesco also uses McGregor’s theory, which suggests that all employs should be punished if they did a bad job and rewarded if they did a good job. For example if an employee does a bad job they will be threatened and get a disciplinary, which means if they do it again they might lose their job. If a person does a good job, they will be recognised, and their manager might have a chat with them to reflect on their performance and make sure that they are aware that they did a good job and the person is in a higher position, such as a manager, they will get a bonus.  M3) Performance indicators Business have many ways of measuring their staff performance, for example they can use time periods for measuring, for example ASDA might measure their employees performance by how many customers they’ve served in one hour. This method does not work for all businesses, for example clothes manufacturer might not use this method because they need quality not quantity, and if they push t heir staff to make shirts faster they might make them poor quality or they might not fit. This helps develop their staff because they set themselves a target and this motivates people because people like challenges, and they are clear on what they need to do for the day. Also by achieving their target they might get a reward for it so it motivates them. Goal theory Another method of measuring performance is setting their employees goals. The best goals are when the employee and the employer both agree on what’s important and working together to achieve that goal. Clear and challenging goals can motivate their staff. For example ASDA might use this method on people who are stocking up the store. For example the manager might say that today they need to move couple shelves somewhere else and stock them up and they have 2 hours to do it. This help the staff to develop, because they know what’s their performance, and what they can do to improve it next time. SMART Targets SMART is a technique used to work out how useful a set of objectives are. All the targets needs to be specific, they should have a focus and not be vague. They need to be measurable, so they should include something that can be measured. They also need to be achievable, so if staff do not think they can achieve their targets they will be demotivated. Also it needs to be realistic in relation to both the resources and skills available, and the overall goals of the organisation and it needs to have a time-bound, so it must have an end so that success can be measured. This helps to develop staff because using SMART technique the staff are clear about the objective and they are sure that it is achievable, because if staff thinks that it is unachievable they get demotivated. Benchmarking Benchmarking can be used to measure organisations performance by comparing themselves to other organisations and matching or exceeding their performance. For example ASDA will compare itself to all big supermarkets in UK such as Sainsbury’s, Morrison’s, and Tesco etc. This help to develop staff because they compare themselves to their competitors and it is very clear on how they are doing, and this helps to improve the business, because if other business is doing better then they need to figure out what they are doing wrong and how to change it. Probation Pretty much all businesses will have a probation period for new employees. This means that they will be closely monitored for a certain period of time and their performance will be measured so the business is certain that this person is capable of doing the job and is a right candidate. Business such as Tesco will have a short probation period because the job doesn’t require a high skill and it doesn’t take long to find out if the person is right for the job, but jobs like teachers or doctors will have longer probation periods, because it takes some time to find out if the candidate is capable of doing a job, and their probation period will be around 9 months but can be longer. Also when people are on probation period this gives the right to the employer to fire them for no reason. Probation period helps to develop staff because if they are on a probation period, they are under more pressure and makes them more focussed about understanding the business and doing their job at their best ability. Appraisal Appraisal is another method of measuring performance in a business. This means that at the end of the year the employee and employer will sit down and review the year, the employee will say what he thinks he’s done very well, and the employer will say what they think they’ve done well and what  they need to work on. This is helps to develop staff because the employer tells the staff on how they are performing and what they have been doing very well and what they have been doing not so well, and gives them advice on how to improve or change it. Supporting employees There’s couple ways of how you can support employees. One of them is me ntoring, this means that someone in the workplace will help them that is just above their positions and has been in their position previously, so they can pass on some of their knowledge and explain the job. There’s two types of mentoring; formal and informal. Formal mentoring means that the mentor will have paper work with them and will monitor them and will write everything down. Informal mentoring means that the mentor will only have a chat with them or help them but wouldn’t write anything down. Also another way to support the employees is buddying up. For example in ASDA a new employer will be partnered up with someone that is on the same level as them but has been working for a long period of time and knows their job very well, so the new employer can work with them for couple of days to get to know the job and the other person can help them if they get confused or stuck. This helps to develop staff because people get demotivated and getting support from other staff or the manager helps to improve their performance, because some people get stuck and are not sure how to do a job they’ve been given, and some help from the manager can sort that out, also just having a chat with them might also help because some people just need to know that someone cares about them and how they’re getting on. Occupational Health People are human beings and can get stressed when they are pushed to work hard, so the employers need to think about how to release that stress. For example they could put some plants in the office, because plants produce oxygen which helps people to relax. Also if the office is very warm think about putting an air con to cool it down, because when people are hot they tend to get very stressed out. For example all Tesco stores have air con, so all of their employees are cool and don’t get stressed out as much. This helps to develop staff because for example, if the working conditions in Tesco are very hot the employees might not work very well, and they will get very stressed, but if they install air conditioning and make the store cool, the staff will work a lot better and will be a lot happier, because they are not hot and they’re comfortable. Managing workloads People get very stressed out when they are under pressure and have a lot of things to do, so it is very important for a business to balance it out, and spread workload equally, for example Tesco will divide people into section and give the same amount of shelves to stock up, so it’s fair on everyone. This helps to develop staff because giving them a lot of workload will demotivated them and sometimes even push them into leaving the job because they are stressed and lose motivation, so by reducing workload and sharing the workload equally, this will release the stress and staff will have more motivation. Delegating authority and responsibility By giving more authority and responsibility can motivate employees but it is very important to monitor how it is working, in order to avoid errors and costly mistakes, which can affect employer in terms of money and reputation, also it might lead to dismissing the employee. For example Tesco manager will be responsible for hiring new people and they might hire someone that is not capable of doing the job which might cost Tesco money. This will help to develop staff because they will feel like they are trusted, so they will be more focussed and will try to prove to their employer that they are capable of doing the job. Capacity Capacity relates to the amount of work or products that can be produced or is being produced. Using as much capacity as possible should lead to lower costs for the business, so employers need to ensure that employees are performing well without putting them under so much pressure that they suffer with stress and then become ill. Linking rewards to performance Giving rewards to people for doing a good job or achieving or exceeding a target motivates people to work harder. For example Tesco manager will get a bonus for achieving or exceeding the stores targets. He then might share it with the team, to keep them motivated. This helps to develop the staff, because everyone loves getting a reward if they do a good job, because it shows that their employer cares about them and also gives them a sense of achievement, and makes themselves feel good, because they did a good job.

Use of non-alphabetic languages (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in information system Essay Example for Free

Use of non-alphabetic languages (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in information system Essay One of the problems of information flow in the network system is the language barrier especially when information exchange is between two ports with different language. Linked with this problem is the difficulty in reading the information transferred, unless the two use the same writing system. Today, the effort in universalizing the system of writing or even the language had gone not much farther that is why, even in the information system, the hindrances brought by this problem can be clearly seen. There are a lot of systems of writing around the world but they can be categorized either in at least one of these three groups namely, logographic, syllabary and alphabetic (library. thinkquest. org). The first system, the logographic uses a single symbol to represent a word. The syllabary uses a single symbol to represent a syllable, which can then be combined to form a word. These two systems are of common use to many countries in Asia such as Japan, China and Korea. The last system, the alphabetic, uses characters or letters as the smallest unit to form syllables, which then represents a single unit of sound. Of these three, the alphabetic is the easiest to learn, mainly because it has less number of characters than those of the other systems that even has over thousands of symbols (library. thinkquest. org. ), although this is not necessarily mean that alphabetic is the most effective and efficient form to be use. Having the variety of system used in day to day encounter, the said variety is brought to the electronic-based system of communication which is the information system. The current information system uses mostly the QWERTY keyboard (home. earthlink. net). This type of keyboard specializes in the use of the alphabetic languages. Since alphabetic has only about less than 50 characters including letters and numerals, a unit can be represented in just one key, making it efficient for someone to key in words using the keyboard. On the other hand, system that uses logographic and syllabary such as the Chinese pictographs and the Japanese’ Katakana and Hiragana cannot have a single representation for a character since they are using thousands of characters and putting one by one in a single key for a character is not practical and even not an idea to think of. Solving this problem, there are two most common approaches in keying in characters or input text for non-alphabetical languages developed and are incorporated in the standard QWERTY keyboard so as to assist non-alphabetical language users to make input a little effective. These two are the radical-based method and the phonetic-based method on inputs (Hamzah pp. 311-312). In the radical based method, the standard stokes for a specific language is typed and then possible characters possessing the strokes you typed are prepared for you and then you select the right character that you are supposed to input. For example, there are 11, 172 Hangul characters but those characters has only 24 fundamental or basic strokes. Thus, to type Hangul or Korean characters, we only need to use 24 keys where every key has a unique stoke. This method is now commonly used in cellular phones. On the other hand, the phonetic-based input method uses the sound property of the alphabetic system in keying in characters. See Figure 1, courtesy of Hampzah p. 311 from http://www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. In the figure on the previous page, if you want to key in non-alphabetic characters, you must first think of how the word is pronounced and then use its representation in alphabetic system. The original Japanese word can be pronounced as â€Å"tegakino† and thus tegakino must be typed in the QWERTY keyboard. Because the Japanese language have complexity in pronunciation brought about by words with similar sounds (www. japan-guide. com), then typing tagekino alone will not guarantee that what you are supposed to type is the right thing, so the system will then list characters with similar pronunciation as tagekino and now you are allowed to select the right group of characters that will fit or that you are intended to type. Noticed that in these two methods, the effort of input of a single character or a word is significantly higher than the effort it takes to input an alphabetical character or a word. This hypothesis is further proven by the study made on the input of Chinese and Japanese characters. The result of the study revealed that it takes about 36% of the total time of input of a Chinese character just to pick the right character from the list, even after the system of writing of Chinese is condensed and over 2000 characters are simplified (www. omniglot. com). Also, about 70% of the total time of input of Japanese characters account for choosing a kanji character that will be used in input for the intended Japanese character (Hamzah p. 313). Time is truly important in many of the transactions in the information system. More of the times, the data transfer must be done in real-time since the information transferred is either very important for the receiver or are controversial. Using the previous two methods of text input for non-alphabetical language, time is sacrificed and thus the flow of information or the processing of information becomes relatively slower, thus affecting great deal of transactions. Studies have been made in solving this issue and they come up with the idea of freeform annotation. Freeform annotation would mean that keying in characters will not use keyboard but by hand or through handwriting. This will use a somewhat scanning device that will scan the input through handwriting and then the system will match the strokes input with the characters stored in database. After the matching has been done, the characters selected by the computer will then be displayed and the user will be prompted by the computer to confirm if the selected characters are the intended characters of the users. However, only few are interested in making studies about the use of this method in information system (Hamzah p. 312). Other solutions that are now getting its way into the electronic system are those that are related to live translation. This would simply means that databases are to be build and programs would be produced so as to make information flow between users with different system of writing meet or be understood by both. Databases and programs such as Automatic Machine Translator, Multilingual Customer Support Platform and Glossary Builder will be utilized during data transfer to suit the preferred language and system of writing of the user (partners. wholetree. com). Thus using these innovations, the language barrier between nations with different systems of writing can now be lessen or even eliminated if more and more advancement with the technology and the linguistics experts’ cooperation in the succeeding projects. In the electronic age, the common problems that have arises concerning the language has been bought in the electronic-based system. Problems such as variations in the system of writing and the variations of pronunciation and usage of words are now a problem of the information system. Though there are assumed solutions to these problems like the annotation and translation processes, it is still difficult to solve the problems stated above. It is somehow linked with the problems with the variations of culture, for language is somewhat a part of it, that is why it is one of those problems that are almost impossible to give a definite solution. I am only saying it is almost impossible because I believe that through advancement and collaborative efforts, this flaw can have a solution. References Basic Information. 6 June 2007. http://www. japan-guide.com/e/e2050. html. Consider QWERTY†¦ the Typewriter Keyboard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  6 June 2007. http://home. earthlink. net/ ~dcrehr/whyqwert. html. Hamzah, Muhd Dzulkhiflee, et, al. (2006) A Video Analysis of Eye Movements During Typing. 6 June 2007. http://www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. â€Å"Simplified Chinese Characters†. Omniglot: Writing Systems and Languages of the World. 6 June 2007. http://www. omniglot. com/writing/chinese_simplified. htm#simp. â€Å"The Development of Writing. † ThinkQuest. 6 June 2007. http://library. thinkquest. org/ C004367/la6. shtml.

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders Financial information contain in annual reports that the companies are published in periodically. That period is identified as reporting period. Company obligates to provide financial information to their various stakeholders during the past reporting period. Annual report is a report the company report their comprehensive transactions and events to publish and provide for required parties. There are few reasons to publish annual reports by companies generally as follows. Because companies have legal obligation between companies and the government act implemented for companies is known as company act 2007 No 7. The company acts section 150, 151, 152 and 153 has mention the obligation to prepare financial statements, content and form of financial statements, obligation to prepare group financial statements and content and form of group financial statements accordingly. Stakeholders of the company require the financial information for following reasons. To know how well the company is doing. To find company has earned more money than they spent. To get an idea about strategic and tactical plans of the management. To provide information to make decisions who make decisions about organisatoin. Avoid dissimulations and corruptions of the organisation. Through the audit process, organisations will be able to identify weaknesses of their control of procedures and corruptions occurred due to them. To obtain and fulfill the financial requirements from monitory markets via financial equipments such as shares, debentures, bank loans and etc. 1.1. Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders However the financial information require by stakeholders of the organisation. Stakeholder of the organisation can divide into two. The bellow chart represents the stakeholders of the organisation according to the environment they belongs to. Stakeholders of the Organisation External stakeholders a). Suppliers and Trade creditors b). Government c). Consumers d). Public e). Medias Internal Stakeholders a).Directors Managers b). Shareholders c). Employees (Diagram 01) Above chart shows the deviation of stakeholders of the organisation and they require financial information due to various purposes. 1.1.1. Directors and Managers To make decisions about the organisation in different time and in different level. Directors and managers of the organisation are taking different types of decisions as follows. About new investment and project appreciation decision. About continued and discontinued operations. Dividend decisions. Diversified business decision. Winding up decision. To establish overall objectives and periodical targets. To avoid dissimulations and corruptions. To establish squired systems and strengthens control of procedures. To increase the productivity level of the organisation. 1.1.2. Shareholders To determine whether their investment will be sold, Holt or bought more shares of the organization. To decided the fairness of the returned for their investments. To determine the going concern of the organisation. To obtain wide knowledge about the organizational activities. To compare their investments and their benefits with other competitive organizations and industries. 1.1.3. Employees To know about the stability and profitability of the employer. To know about remuneration, retirement benefits, and employment opportunities are in organisation To ensure the job security with the current employer. To ensure the fairness of the salaries and wages they obtain from the organization according to their earnings. To have a clear view about other operations of the organisation. 1.1.4. Suppliers To ensure their payments of supplies will be received on due. To ensure the stability of their customers. To have knowledge about other products and their suppliers of the organisation. To compare their transaction with existing and other companies To find other competitive suppliers and their contribution towards the organisation. To find opportunities to supply more. 1.1.5. Government To collect accurate taxes and amounts from organizations on due dates. To provide government benefaction to improve their business. To obtain financial and non-financial assistance for government development projects. To ensure the organizations oversee their employees in reasonable way. To ensure the organizations compliance with government rules, regulations and acts that established by the government. 1.1.6. Consumers To have knowledge about the cost structure of the products that the organisation is producing. To ensure the stability of the organisation. To know about the organizations profitability, because profitability is a shed light to know about products impossible growth, improvements, best customer service and low price strategic implications. To know about CSR programs conducted by the organisation. 1.1.7. Public To conscious about organizations substantial contribution towards the society. To know about the opportunities to link with the organisation. To know about CSR contribution towards the country. To conscious their activities which can be affected to interest of the nature and the country. 2. Standards requirement for published Financial Statements The entire organizations specially registered in Sri Lanka need to prepare their financial statements according to the requirements of the accounting standard issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (ICASL). ICASL is responsible for prepare and issue all accounting standard which are relative and necessary to prepare financial statements. The entire organizations need to be adopted and compliance with the accounting standard which issued by the ICASL and need to mentioned under the notes to the financial statements of their annual report. This note can identify as Note of Compliance. As an example Richard Pearis PLC has mentioned their note of compliance as follows. The Financial Statements of the Company and the Group, comprising the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, the Cash Flow Statement, Accounting Policies and Notes to the Financial Statements are prepared on the basis of the historical cost conventions, and in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Accounting Standards laid down by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. These principles and standards have been applied consistently with that of the previous year. No adjustments are made for inflationary factors affecting these Financial Statements. There is a list of accounting standards. Its consisting with 28 LKASs and 8 SLFRSs. (See appendix 01). 2.1. LKAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors As per the requirement of LKAS 8 all of the companies need to mention their accounting policies estimates that they have used to prepare their financial statements during the reporting period. Because due to the change of any policy of the company will be affected retrospectively and caused to restated of comparative information unless it is impracticable to do so. Appendix 02 represents significant accounting policies and estimates that use by Richard Pearis PLC. 2.2. SLFRS 8: Operating Segments As per the above standard company may have some operating segments. Operating segment can define as follows; Operating segment is a component of an entity, It may earns revenue and incur expenses to the organisation, Operating results are revived by board of directors and Discrete financial information is available. Bellow table shows the segmental operations of Richard Pearis PLC. (Table 01) (Richard Pearis PLC, (2012). Financial Statements In: (ed), Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.41.) 2.3. LKAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting. LKAS 34 requires preparing interim financial reports due to timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and other to understand an enterprises capacity to generate earnings and cash flows and its financial conditions and liquidity. Richard Pearis PLC prepares their interim financial reports according to the following financial colander. 2.4. SLFRS 4: Insurance Contracts This standard is applied virtually all insurance contracts that an entity issues and to reinsurance contracts that it hold. This is not applied to other assets and liabilities such as covering under the scope of LKAS 39 financial instruments recognition and measurement. Therefore company need to disclosure following information as requirement of this standard. Accounting policies for insurance contracts and related assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The recognized assets, liabilities, income, expenses and cash flows arising from insurance contracts. If the insurer is a cedant, certain additional disclosures are required. Information about assumptions that have the greatest effect on the measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses including, if practicable, quantified disclosures of those assumptions. The effect of changes of assumptions. Reconciliations of changes in insurance liabilities, reinsurance assets and if any related deferred acquisition cost. 2.5. SLFRS 6: Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Under this standard affected activities such as; The search for mineral , Determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting those resources. Following are specially excluded from the scope of the SLFRS 6; Expenditures incurred before the entity has obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area and Expenditure incurred after the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable. The accounting policy that entity can apply for mineral resources are; All expenditures related to exploration and evaluation assets need to incur to profit and loss and first recognition of the asset required to measure at cost, subsequently whether cost or revaluation model. Exploration and evaluation assets need represent in balance sheet, if its satisfy LKAS 16 requirements under property plants and equipments or if its satisfy LKAS 38 requirements under intangible assets. 2.6. LKAS 16: Property Plant and Equipments Property, Plants and Equipments (PPE) are tangible items that; Are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes and Are expected to be use during more than one accounting period. (Mapitiya, (2011). Definitions of Standard In: Gayan (ed), LKAS 16 Property plant and Equipment. 1st ed. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.4.) The cost of assets of an item of PPE shall be recognized as assets if and only if; It is probable that future economic benefits generate with the item will flow to the entity. The cost of the item can be measured reliably. All property, plant and equipments require to represent in balance sheet under non-current assets and need to be valued whether cost or revaluation model. Every property, plant and equipment need depreciate. Depreciation can define as systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. Depreciable Amount = Cost-Residual Value Useful life of the asset is the period the entity is expected to use. It will be vary from each and every asset. Company can use different types of depreciation methods that mentioned in the standard. They are; Straight line method. Reducing Balance method. Units of production method. 2.7. LKAS 38: Intangible Assets Intangible Assets are that identifiable non-monitory assets without any physical substance. (Jayasigha, (2011). Intangibla Assets In: Dimuthu (ed), LKAS 38. 1st ed. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.2.) There are three critical features of intangible assets. They are

Strong Horse Tea, by Alice Walker and The Suicides of Private Greaves, by James Moffett :: Strong Horse Tea Suicides of Private Greaves

Characterization in "Strong Horse Tea," by Alice Walker and "The Suicides of Private Greaves," by James Moffett Characterization is the change that occurs in a character throughout the story. The change can be either a physical one or an emotional one. In the stories "Strong Horse Tea," by Alice Walker and "The Suicides of Private Greaves," by James Moffett, the characters involved go through changes that effect both stories ending. Characterization also occurs in stories through the eyes of other characters and how they view the main person in a story. A character's change in the story will eventually lead to the resolution, and inevitably the end of the story. In "Strong Horse Tea" the main characters change is very evident. Rannie Mae Toomer's change in the story is apparent to the reader and audience. She (Rannie) goes through both an emotional change as well as a change in her beliefs (both spiritually and on how she viewed people.) Rannie is a black woman living in America during its oppressive years, with her only salvation being her infant son, Snooks. Her son is very sick and in desperate need of medicine. Rannie is convinced that a white doctor will come and visit her and take care of her son. Rannie, however, does not realize her situation, and hopes still that a doctor will come. "Lawd, why don't that doctor come on here?" Rannie keeps on hoping, and not allowing Sarah, the witch doctor to help her. Rannie believes that Sarah help will be evil, and that the white doctor will soon come. 'We going to have us a doctor,' Rannie Toomer said fiercly, walking over to shoo a fat winter fly from her child's forehead. 'I don't belive in none of that swamp magic.' Rannie is unaware of who she is and how others view her. She does not realize that the color of her skin is oppressing her. Rannie is convinced that the mailman (her only connection to the outside world) can help her out. The mailman, however, has other views about Rannie. He sees her as an animal ("Rannie Mae, leaning over him out of the rain smelt like a wet goat." ) with absolutely no intelligence ("Today he thought she looked more ignorant than usual^. ) Rannie is convinced that the mailman will get her doctor for her, but as the time passes she comes to the realization that Sarah is her only hope. 'But I told you,' Rannie Toomer said in exasperation, as if explaining something to

Creating a Lego Mindstorm Navigation Robot :: Robotics

Includes Source Code Lego Navigation System Abstract My project was to create a robot out of a Lego Mindstorms construction set that was capable of â€Å"knowing† where it was. The robot would head out on a random path, remember and update its location, and return to its origin on a straight line. The challenge of this project was not so much a matter of constructing the robot, but of creating a working program in the week and a half time limit. The project goal was met on the last day, thus showing that a Lego navigation system is possible. Background A war zone is a dangerous place, especially for the infantry. Any advantage, technological or otherwise is welcome, and any technology that spares soldiers’ lives is invaluable. Recently, one such technology has made its way to the battlefield; remote controlled robots. These robots can take real-time video, maneuver inside and out, and move hazardous materials out of the way of troops. Two of the leading manufacturer’s of these robots are iRobot and the US Marine Corps. IRobots’ PackBot EOD uses a camera/grabber, multiple sensors, and a unique tread system capable of climbing stairs in order to execute the majority of its tasks. It also has GPS. The US Marine Corps’ Dragon Runner is a rugged, four-wheeled machine with a camera and other sensors safely encased in the body. The Dragon Runner weighs roughly 16 pounds, while the PackBot is just over twice that much weight. While these robots are a great help in a war zone, the navigation system could be improved. If the robot could navigate by itself, the soldiers that previously had to operate the robot would be free to do more important tasks. By implementing a Cartesian coordinate system, I believe that these robots be programmed with a simple self-navigation system. Procedure The physical design of NavBot is very simple. It follows the basic design of TankBot, as described in David Baum’s Definitive Guide to Lego Mindstorms. I chose this design as the basis of my robot due to its simplicity and ease of construction. While it follows the basic TankBot design, it has its variations, because I didn’t want to hunt down all of the â€Å"required† pieces. When I first built the body and tested it, I found that the robot tended to drift to the right. This was easily fixed by changing the power level of the left motor from 7 (highest) to 4. Aside from a few decorations (wings, camel head, smiley face), the physical aspect of NavBot was complete. The more important, as well as complicated, problem was how to program

Philosophy and Multiculturalism: Searle, Rorty, and Taylor Essay

Philosophy and Multiculturalism: Searle, Rorty, and Taylor ABSTRACT: John Searle opposes multiculturalism because he views it as part of a movement to undermine the concepts of truth and objectivity in the Western tradition. Richard Rorty disagrees with Searle about the relation between philosophical theories of truth and academic practices, but he is neutral on the issue of multiculturalism. Charles Taylor approaches the issue historically, defending multiculturalism as emerging from one branch of liberal political theory. I argue that the debate over epistemological and political issues has tended to obscure the educational benefits of multiculturalism. A multicultural curriculum works very well in fulfilling the traditional goals of education in philosophy. It can assist the teacher as Socratic "midwife" and "gadfly" in delivering students from their narrow and uncritical opinions and awakening them to a world of intellectual diversity. Thus, multiculturalism is not so much a recent movement as a new name for an old method of teaching. Philosophers have been slow to join the public debate on multiculturalism in spite of the important philosophical issues at stake. Notable exceptions are John Searle and Charles Taylor, who address the philosophical implications of the controversy over the curriculum in several recent essays. (1) Taylor defends multicultural education as a moral imperative of one branch of the liberal tradition, while Searle argues that a victory for multiculturalism would mean the destruction of the Western intellectual heritage. This paper will examine some of the arguments on both sides of the issue and propose an interpretation of multiculturalism as particularly significant for teaching philosophy. ... ...Recognition," in Multiculturalism. Amy Gutmann, ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 25-73. (2) "Rationality and Realism. . .," p. 69. (3) "The Storm over the University," p. 112. (4) Richard Rorty, "Does Academic Freedom Have Philosophical Presuppositions: Academic Freedom and the Future of the University," Academe (Nov.-Dec. 1994), p. 52. (5) Ibid., p. 61. (6) "Rationality and Realism . . .," p. 71. (7) Richard Rorty, "Hermeneutics, General Studies, and Teaching," Selected Papers from the Synergos Seminars, volume 2 (Fall, 1982), p. 112. (8) "The Politics of Recognition," pp. 69-72. (9) Ibid., p. 66. (10) Ibid., p. 70. (11) Ibid., p. 73. (12) For an exception see Lawrence Foster and Patricia Herzog, eds. Philosophical Perspectives on Pluralism and Multiculturalism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994).

King Schahriar and his Brother Essay

1.What kind of world do we enter as we read this story ? In this story the world is very different to the one we know, and also contrasts with the necklace. It could be described as black and white, with no shades of grey. The reason for this is that it is very clear cut, there is no way of getting around things, it is done one way and stays that way. An example of this is the grand-vizir. You have to do what the Sultan says and there is no way of getting round him. This then ties in to the obedience of this world, and absolute ruler. The King is in charge, no one else gets to make decisions, and what he says goes. The King in this story is very strict, but also is clear and talks about the consequences. The grand-vizir is told by the king â€Å"You will have to take her life yourself. If you refuse, I swear your head shall pay the forfeit.†, meaning that if he does not do what he is told, he shall die as well. In our country there is no absolute ruler, there are different levels of hierarchy, which do not stick and can change, unlike in this world where the Sultan will always be a family member and any other person in the kingdom must do what they say. This story is similar to the Necklace as Madame Loisel changes her ways, from being a selfish women, and changing into a person who works hard and is thankful for what she gets. This is the like King Schahriar as he is selfish at first, as he kills everyone, but once he realises that what he is doing is wrong, and he falls in love with Scheherazade, he changes to be a better person. 2.What Kind of heroine do we meet in Scheherazade? Scheherazade is smart in the way she asks her father something, she asks him to grant her it to her before she tells him what she would like him to do for her. This shows that Scheherazade is a smart and cunning girl, but also know how to get what she wants. In the world which they are living in it is very unusual for a women to become the heroine in a patriarchal world. Heroines in the modern world use their physical force to become the heroine. This is unlike Scheherazade who uses her in and self control to become the heroine. Dinazade contrast with her sister very much, â€Å"she had no particular gifts†, and was just a normal person. This is a contrast to Scheherazade, as she is â€Å"clever and courageous in the highest degree†¦bests masters in  philosophy, medicine, history and the fine arts.†. She was more beautiful â€Å"that of any girl in the kingdom of Persia†. Scheherazade could be described as the deliverer, she said, â€Å"I am determined to stop this barbarous practice of the Sultan’s, and to deliver the girls and mothers from the awful fate that hangs over them.† The reason that she is the deliverer, is that she is willing to put her life on the line to save her kingdom, this also shows that she is very selfless. 3. Comment on the following three aspects of the writer’s use of language, using the exact wording of the given openings to help you, and making sure you quote in the course of each one. A repeated characteristic of the writer’s language is his use of superlatives, showing a world in which everything is intensified by being pushed to extremes. The writer uses superlatives like â€Å"her beauty excelled that of any girl in the kingdom of Persia.† He does this to show that this world only has the extremes, there are no things placed in the middle. Everything that was normal is now extremes, people had to have â€Å"the finest dresses† to be the best and have â€Å"the most beautiful jewels†. Linked to the writer’s frequent superlatives is his repeated use of balance and antitheses, which creates a sense of things being opposed to each other in very strong ways. The change of the Sultans character is one way of showing the opposites, the Sultan use to be loved and was given â€Å"blessings†. He had now changed and was given â€Å"curses†, this is a quick change from the Sultan and shows antitheses. There is also a contrast between Scheherazade and Dinarzarde, Scheherazade is â€Å"clever and courageous in the highest degree†, whilst Dinarzade â€Å"had no particular gifts to distinguish her from other girls†. This is real and only true in this world as now no one is perfect, some people are better at things and others, this is a balance as one is intelligent and one is the opposite. The speech of Scheherazade is measured, formal and courteous at all times, giving a sense of a character who is polite and has self control. Scheherazade politely says to her father, â€Å"I have a favor to ask of you.  Will you grant it to me?†. By asking her father to give and answer before she says what it is shows, that she is intelligent and cunning. She can also be strong in what she means, â€Å" Then listen,† she goes on to show composure, even when she is talking about death that could be brought upon her. Scheherazade could be described as a very persuasive girl, as she always knows the right way to say something so that she can get what she whats. â€Å"It is you who have to provide the Sultan daily with a fresh wife, and I implore you, by all the the affection you bear me, to allow the honour to fall upon me.† Scheherazade uses word and phrases like â€Å"implore† and â€Å"by all the affection you bear me†.

Media Studies †Podcasting and Radio

Ben Hammersley of the Guardian first discussed the advent of podcasting technology only two years ago (Hammersley, 2004). Yet this newly created communications channel has grown from being a small niche market   – with only six thousand hits on Google in 2004 according to Terdimann (2004) as compared to today’s excess of forty-one million (Google, 2006). Podcasting has changed radio with breathtaking speed, removing almost all barriers to access in ways that Internet radio was never able to on its own. This paper will discuss how and why podcasting is the radio of the future because of its convenience, intimacy and ease of access. Podcasting Defined In simple terms, podcasting is a digital music file that is presented to the end user within an RSS feed, where RSS is a grouping of different feed formats used to update and publish web content. Users subscribe to an RSS to listen to audio files, are automatically updated each time a new file is uploaded, and can listen to the podcasts on any MP3 player. What makes podcasting unusual is the automatic updating portion of the system: instead of having to return to a particular website to see if the content has been updated, the users’ subscribed-to feeds automatically deliver the content on-demand. A Brief History of Radio as Related to Podcasting Initially, radio was used in the late 19th century for users separated by geography to communicate. However, other people started ‘overhearing’ these radio transmissions and slowly it became a means with which to talk to a larger populace, evidenced by BBC’s start-up three decades later. It didn’t take long for radio listeners to realize radio’s potential scope as shown by comments made in 1930: â€Å"The radio would be the finest possible communication apparatus in public life, a vast network of pipes. That is to say, it would be if it knew how to receive as well as to transmit, how to let the listener speak as well as hear, how to bring him into a relationship not isolating him (Bretcht, 1993). Interestingly, these comments seem to describe podcasting to a tee, as anyone can transmit information using this technology, with no higher authority monitoring its use. A similar growth pattern is seen when reviewing the advent of Internet radio as well, with the 1995 creation of Real Audio software, allowing radio stations to send transmissions through the Internet instead of through other, more traditional processes (Priestman, 2001). While this was a huge breakthrough in technology and access to mediums previously controlled by geography and cost, it still made Internet radio dependent on positioning: you had to be in front of a computer to listen (Wall, 2004). This lack of portability has somewhat been trumped by new WiFi radio options in the UK (Rose, 2005), but that discussion is beyond the scope of this paper. Podcastings’ Origins Portable music devices first appeared in the late 90’s (Van Buskirk, 2005) but it wasn’t until Apple’s 2001 release of the iPod that podcasting became a household name. At that time, no other commercial venture had successfully sold legally available songs online and then facilitated transferring them onto a digital media device. Podcasting Success Factors We must go back in time to 1996 to determine just why MP3 players such as the iPod and podcasting in general took off at such an alarming rate. It was at this time when The Telecommunications Act of 1996 changed American radio forever by allowing companies to own more than four radio stations in a specific market and more than forty nationwide, both of which were previous limiters (Mann, 2005). This allowed Clear Channel, one of the more infamous radio station consolidators, to merge well over one thousand stations across the U.S. using their tried-and-true content-weak system of providing lots of specifically targeted music to a specifically targeted consumer and the addition of even more commercial time. It seems evident, then, that radio listeners were well primed for an on-demand music service with fewer (or no) commercials without the WalMart of radio forcing listening decisions. How Has, and Will, Podcasting Changed Radio? In a sense, podcasting has changed radio into a new medium entirely. Now anyone, anywhere, with no prior radio, media or telecommunications knowledge can create a podcast for listeners around the world to enjoy, respond to and interact with. Plus, it has provided access to public figures in ways that radio couldn’t previously, as with Vice-Presidential candidate John Edwards’ kitchen table talks or President Bush’s weekly radio addresses (see http://www.whitehouse.gov/radio). Future applications of podcasting technology are only limited by the accessibility of MP3 players and the ingenuity of the users. The next step of all-access, user-driven radio is to have the smaller hand-held devices download podcasts (technology which is just become available now) through wireless technology. This will work in tandem with current movement towards Wi-Max networks (where entire cities have wireless access availability instead of merely chosen ‘hotspots’), enabling users to save the costs of downloading content through their cellular phone providers or current fatport company. In fact, the Nokia N91 was to be released earlier this year with this same technology on board (Rose, 2005). Yet as MacFarland stated in 1997: â€Å"The answer will lie not so much in technical improvements to audio reproduction as in improvements to the product the audience is seeking – programming that is responsive to the listener’s needs. Conventional radio stations have already picked up on this trend such as the Boston-based â€Å"Jack FM† which boasts an iPod-like random playlist complete with an â€Å"I don’t care† attitude as shown by the DJ’s frequent mentions of the company’s tag line: Playing What We Want. Although podcasting may not reconnect traditional radio listeners with their radio roots (such as CBC has done in Canada with Radio One), it may add increased interest on the part of listeners, intent on learning more about new media and music not previously available to them. Some media experts may feel that podcasting is the end of radio as we know it, but rather it should be looked at as new way, method, technology and available to connect intimately with an audience hard to pin down and even harder to communicate with. Works Cited B, Brecht. â€Å"The Radio as an Apparatus of Communication’.† Radiotexte. Ed. Neil Strauss . New York: Semiotext(e), 1993. â€Å"SEARCH: Podcasting.† Google. Google. 30 Nov 2006 . Hammersley, B. â€Å"Audible revolution.† Guardian Unlimited: Technology. 12 Feb 2004. Media Guardian. 30 Nov 2006 . Mann, Charles. â€Å"The Ressurection of Indie Radio.† Wired Magazine 13.03Mar 2005 30 Nov 2005. Priestman, Chris. Web Radio: Production for Internet Streaming. London: Focal Press, 2001. Rose, Frank. â€Å"Battle for the Soul of the MP3 Phone’.† Wired Magazine 13.11Nov 2005 30 Nov 2006. Terdiman, Daniel. â€Å"You, Too, Can Be a Podcaster.† Wired News 31 Dec 2004 30 Nov 2006. Wall, T. â€Å"The Political Economy of Internet Radio.† The Radio Journal 2(2004): 27-44. Van Buskirk, Eliot. â€Å"Introducing the World’s First MP3 Player.† MP3 Insider. 21 Jan 2005. CNET Reviews. 30 Nov 2006 .         

Why Do You Want to Be a Lawyer

The definition of a law state’s that ‘a lawyer is a person who practiced law and delivered justice. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdiction. So, as relation to the topic above, I want to become a lawyer because, it is my ambition to become a lawyer since when I was in class five know that it is not so easy to become a lawyer. Because the subject law is not very easy to study, because the study material are so huge. There is so many constitution and act to study. And established as an honorable lawyer is not so easy, it takes a lot of time to establish in the society as a good lawyer.But also I have choose to become a lawyer because, in my point of view, the population of our country is about sixteen core and the number of lawyer in our country is about 42000 and number of judges is about 1800. So it is very less in number in relation to the number of people in our country. And because of crisis of people in the judicial department it takes a lot of time for judgment in our country. And I can see no one care about all this problem, everyone wants to be doctor, engineer or wants to complete MBA or BBA and look for comfortable jobs.It’s a profession which is to serve for the people, it is honorable profession, and it gives relief to people similar to medical hospital. A hospital heal the physical parts of the people where as a lawyer heal the people both physically and mentally. In our country we can see many poor people often engaged different kind of crimes, and they do not get right judgment because they do not have the capacity to haired a good experience lawyer, because the demand of money of a good lawyer is more, so I have decided to established myself as a good lawyer, I’ll give right judgments to the people.And I think to practice as a lawyer in the court is not so easy, because it need a great courage to fight against different civil and criminal cases. Because sometimes the lawyer gets different t hreats from different persons and political sites, and I think that I had that courage to face all this problems. And also practice as a lawyer is very interesting because every day we will deal with some new cases and also we will discover some new things by sought out problems.By becoming a lawyer as I can practice both in courts as well as work for a company, because now day’s high ranking company needs lawyer to sought out their problems. By becoming lawyer I can practice in the supreme courts also. And we know that Supreme Court is the highest courts in our country, and it is not so easy to practice as a lawyer in the Supreme Court, and it very honorable. Working as a lawyer I can handle the constitution affairs also, the position of a lawyer doesn’t ends here, after practicing as a lawyer in the district courts for ten years I can work as a judges also.It is clearly visible that the demand of a lawyer is increasing day by day, because now days in every matter the re is a need of a lawyer, like if we buy a house or sell a house there is a need of a lawyer even for a marriage here is a need of a lawyer. So, as a conclusion I would like to tell that it is common that law related persons are often respected by the society, and it is a very respected job in a society. Nowadays a lawyer is a most important person in our society, they are the middle person who solves specific individualized problems, and the role of a lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions.