My Ambition Essay Example for Free

My Ambition EssayMy ambition in bearing has always kept changing frequently, like as a dancer, as an artist, a writer or a doctor since I like biology . But I have realized that by just liking something that is related to it cannot assure someone to become that. Every ambition has so many fields to look through to achieve. One whitethorn not be triple-crown in all the related paths but can be in at least a few. But now I feel its measure for me to have a particular goal to reach. I dont expect to be focused completely on it but as well want to be flexible at the same time.At home my father always dreams of me becoming a scientist like him, for thats natural. But if anyone asks me now, about my ambition, may be its for sure I would like to tell I would become a scientist. This is not because my family wants it or because of their view, its because I have seen how life changes with a job like this. I always think of doing something different from others so that I am being rec ognized and excessively to do something bare-ass and worthy. A scientist lives with all reality. There is nothing better.I would love to work for the countrys development and to retain its prestige. As far as I have seen, I know that a scientist job would do better for me to do this. I dont want to be just a scientist but also a researcher. A work becomes a research when one does something which is not known to the person doing which brings out wonders. I would like to light upon every moment rather to do what others have done. It may be a hard job to do, but I like being complex. I want to work with others view to improve or invent something that is needed by the world.On a daily basis, I see my fathers work as a scientist or as a researcher discovering something that is unusual. Every day becomes a day to solve problems This very much surprises me . It also wont be wrong to say that his works, deep involvement, seriousness, ect have actually put an impact on me. I would rather say, he has influenced me to carve out my future. I now dream to get into the field of my father and would put in a complete contribution to achieve my goal, by also having a complete support from my family .By becoming a scientist I will not scarcely fulfill my parents dream but also can fulfill my wishes to live in my own way, with my own ideas like a free bird. I also wish to become a use modal to the rest of the world. The value of achievement lies in achieving. But at the same time I remember that it needs lot of work from now, only then can I turn a dream into reality. Sincere hard work always fetches. It may not just be a proud moment for me, but also for my parents and for my country. The will to succeed can overcome greatest adversity. So, my ambition to become a scientist begins or has already begun.

The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing Essay Example for Free

The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing EssayIn the introduction to They Say/ I Say the Moves That Matter in Academic Writing, Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein provide templates designed to help with academic thinking and writing. Specifically, Graff and Birkenstein solicit that the types of writing templates they offer realistically help garnish up a conversation and argument. As the authors themselves put it, In our view, then, the best academic writing has one underlying feature it is deeply engaged in some way with other peoples views. Although some people think to sound intelligent you must state your drive and provide facts on why your claim is true, Graff and Birkenstein insist that to play it safe and avoid controversy in your writing is lifeless. In sum, then, their view is that if you are going to write, write to stir controversy and draw discussion, along with giving the basics to master good academic writing.I agree, in my view, the types of templates that th e authors recommend invite people to start conversation and learn opposite points of views as well as teaching others, and the templates themselves gives people the opportunity to hone the skills of academic writing. For instance, when using the template for writing they get us to include the resisters possible belief or rebuttal to our own points, which in return force us as the writer to look beyond dependable our thoughts and look through others eyes.Some might object, of course, on the grounds that our creativity when using templates would be greatly diminished. Yet I would argue that the templates simply give us a cornerstone to start with, and we can build our paper off of it as creative as we want. Overall, then, I believe the templates simply help us practice to become better writers much like practicing sports when you first begin playing, to become the best we can be.

The History And Principles Of Lexicography

The History And Principles Of LexicographyLexicography is separated into two types Practical lexicography is the ability of accumulating, piece of music and editing dictionaries. The study or description of the vocabulary of a particular speech communication, and the importation that associates certain wrangling to others in a lexicon, is recognized as Theotrical Lexicography. Theotrical Lexicography is specially concerned with developing theories concerning the structural and semantic associations among lingual communication in the dictionary. As it involves theotrical analysis of the lexicon, Theotrical Lexicography is in addition identified as MetalexicographyTo gain a better understanding of lexicography, we should be familiar with lexicons. Lexicon is an expression employ in linguistics to point out the archive of lexemes. Lexemes argon abstract, smallest components in a speech that connect interrelated devises of a intelligence information together. Lexemes, then , make up a lexicon which is the compilation of book of account meanings in a specified language. In a dictionary, the lexemes, some clocks loosely referred to as say stems, are given first and followed by variations of the base word. The lexicon also deals with semantics which is a field of linguistics. In addition to providing data on the morphology and semantics of a lexeme, the dictionary in addition offers structural information concerning the origin of the word, and chronological information about the development of the word into its present-day form. This is recognized as etymology.Lexicology took form to meet the demands of galore(postnominal) diverse branches of applied linguistics. Its signifi apprizece is that assists to motivate a systematic approach to the facts of vocabulary and an organised judgment of the foreign and native language. It is principally helpful in building up the learners terminology by a useful selection, grouping and study of new words.The posit ion Dictionary has not been hitd by a single man and not in one age. It has gradually developed through the ages. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Latin was the only language of books in Western Europe. Then, the education of Latin was the doorway to all the knowledge. Right about that time, a carrier of a Latin book came across tight words which were not well known in Latin vocabulary. Upon discovering the meanings, he used to write them over the original text in easier Latin or a word in his own dialect. AWord written in such manner is called a gloss. Many examples of glosses have been found in old Latin texts. Professor Napier collected all the unpublished glosses. An assortment of glosses which was copied and put together into a single list comprised a Glossarium or semblance it was the distant forerunner of the seventeenth-century Table Alphabetical, or Expositor of Hard Words. In cooperation grammar and vocables were most likely communicated by oral t each(prenominal)in g, and were passed down by speech from generation to generation. Records of vocables, with their meaning were sometimes preserved down in a paper or parchment leaves and a compilation of these composed a Vocabularium or Vocabulary.1The Vocabulary and the glossary satisfied alike offices and so they were frequently united. When these documents were copied and re-copied, it was observed that their effectiveness can be improved by putting the words and phrases into alphabetical order, all the words with the same first letter was brought together. All the words beginning with A were extracted, then with B and so on. This is known as the first letter order. some other scribe sometime later selected the A words that began with Aa, Ab and so on. Now the vocabulary was to the extent of the second letter of each word.All these stages can be noticed in four of the earliest glossaries of English origin as the Leiden, the Epinal, the Erfurt, and the lead. The Leiden Glossary corresponds to t he initial phase of such a work. Epinal Glossary, which uses part at least of the materials of the Leiden, adding in with them many others. This glossary has sophisticated to first-letter order. The third stage is characterized by the Corpus Glossary whither the alphabetical arrangement second letters order. The MS. of the Corpus Glossary dates to the early part of the eighth century. The Leiden was created betwixt 600 and 700 A.D. a lot of vocabularies were brought together between this time frame and the eleventh century. It is obvious that as time went by, these glossaries and vocabularies became more(prenominal) and it is noteworthy that those ancient glossaries and vocabularies not only became fuller and more systematic and more English. At first glosses were used to explain hard Latin words by easier Latin words. If an easier word was not known then the explanation was in Old English. In the Epinal Glossary the English words are therefore comparatively in a small amount. In the Corpus Glossary, and the glossaries that follow, the Latin explanations have become more eradicated and restored by English ones. In the tenth part and eleventh centuries vocabularies were Latin-English. During the sixteenth century there were accumulated and published many weighty Latin-English and English-Latin vocabularies and dictionaries. In 1747, five or six London booksellers contracted with Johnson to create the preferred standard dictionary. From the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the lexicographical superiority of Johnsons Dictionary was undoubted. Noah Webster and Dr. Charles Richardson contributed independent works towards the development of lexicology. Noah Webster believed that America must have a dictionary of its own form of English. Richardson believed that definitions are unnecessary in a dictionary, that quotations only are enough. He created a dictionary without definitions, but he exemplified each group of words by a large series of quotations.In the middle of the nineteenth century, Dr. Trench, then Dean of Westminster, called upon the Philological Society to take on the compilation of resources to complete the work already done by Bailey, Johnson, Todd, Webster, Richardson, and others, and to prepare a supplement to all the dictionaries, which must catalog all absent words and senses, and provide all the chronological information in which these works were deficient. From this urge the movement started which has concluded in the preparation of the Oxford English Dictionary, A new English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Since then several large dictionaries have been accumulated.23What is the difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia?The main differences between a dictionary and an encyclopaedia are that a dictionary makes definitions of words available for us, which are arrange alphabetically, gives information on how to pronounce the wor d, lexicons. Whereas an encyclopaedia is a set of books that contain articles on different subjects in alphabetical order.If we look at an example of the word table. The dictionary gives us different meanings of this word with sentences. When we look at an encyclopaedia for the same word, we get a range of articles that are related to the specific word with detailed information and even pictures.What jobs should dictionaries do?The following are some of the main jobs that dictionaries dolook up the meaning of an English word remember the English translation of a word in your languagecheck the spelling of a wordcheck the plural of a noun or prehistoric tense of a verbfind out other grammatical information about a wordfind the synonym or antonym of a wordlook up the collocations of a wordcheck the part of speech of a wordfind out how to say a wordfind out about the register of a wordfind examples of the use of a word in natural languageDictionaries are used by people of different pro fessions to help them at work. Below are some examplesTeacher The dictionary means that the larner is not required to check over each word to find out if each of the students is able to recognise the use of this word in the specific circumstance. The skill to make use of a somewhat more highly developed vocabulary without risk strengthens this vocabulary for people who are familiar with it and to let others rapidly get hold of the vocabulary, bighearted them the self-assurance to take on more difficult texts. Additional, by presenting more than a few senses, the process of choosing the accurate one commences the cognitive course of disambiguation that the mortal who reads even having a superior vocabulary requiures to obtain. Out of all the likely meanings, the learner ought to single out the accurate one, therefore moving from a lexical to a semantic understanding of the term inside the text.Student A thesaurus is a cracking instrument if writing an essay. Teachers have a pi ck to writing where vocabulary is varied. Synonyms and related monetary value can be used for a particular meaning of the word.English learners A dictionary is a spectacular companion to prolong a diminutive vocabulary. If you find a word that you are not aware the meaning of, use of a dictionary testament assist in defining that word and by providing examples of its usage in a sentence. When you are trying to find a word, you also get a chance to learn other new words which are related to that word. The word might contain more than a few meanings. The more you teach English, the larger the number of resulting meanings you desire to search for. These are frequently in sequence to how often the sense is used. The more your are improved in your English, the more senses you would like to become well-known with. This will keep away from confusion in the future as you start reading more difficult documents. It is also helpful to look for for synonyms whilst you are there. Looking up s ynonyms is a excellent way of authenticating that you have in fact understood the word. Are the synonyms listed by the dictionary the same in a sentence with the word you are looking up? If not, you might have the incorrect sense of the word. Another great tool for learning is related terms. You can look up additional universal or more definite terms. Looking up more general terms is great for reading it helps better understand the word but letting look at words that have somewhat different meanings and understanding wherefore they are not synonyms. An additional way of using a dictionary is to understand a term into your language.Learning another language An online dictionary is great for people who are learning a new language. If you dont know a language at all, then you have probably tried one of the many online translators these translators translate a page of a foreign language into English. You will not need to translate the matter if you have even a undersize understanding of that language. You can use a dictionary to find out the meanings of words that you are not familiar with.When writing A dictionary is an important tool for writers. This is because they have to be certain that the words are spelled correctly. An automatic spell checker will not give you the same results as a dictionary would. Editors will always tell you to differ your vocabulary. You can look up in the thesaurus to find similar words to the ones you wish to use.45Consider more recent developments in modelling lexical meaning such as network representations.A Data-graphical Model of the Linguistic Sign.The trigon is the vital graphical formula of the sign. The semantic triangle is the first graphic model of the sign. This triangle imitates the proposition which has been acknowledged since the Middle Ages, that the form of a linguistic expression (Symbol) denotes the thing (Referent) by virtue of understanding (Thought). This is the logical triangle by the German logician and mat hematician G. Frege. In this triangle, the graphical image separates and brings together extension phone (Bedeutung), concept (Sinn), and sign (Form).The British linguist John Lyons in his model articulated the temperament of the word (Word) more accurately as a double-sided entity. He associates the meaning of a word with the concept (Concept) linked to the form of the word (Sing) in the minds of the speakers, thus continuing the medieval tradition. All the models considered above are semantic models, since they are associated only with the semantic dimension of semiotics.6The value of this idea is that the meaning of a word is formed as an autonomous unit belong to the system, and not identified either with concept (Concept) or with a thing (Referent). Ferdinand de Saussure, the eminent twentieth-century Swiss linguist, warranted the sign character of language in his theory. The study of language as a system of signs articulating ideas holds an important place in his linguistic o rigin. For Saussure, the linguistic sign is the signifier.In this model by Novikov, the triangle is replaced by a trapezoid and distinguishes the scientific notion of an object and lexical meaning of a word which calls this object, and also distinguishes the internal sign and the external sign.The lexical meaning depends upon butt reality, thought (idea of an object), and the language system, which is reflected in the scheme as its relationship to the subject, scientific notion, and sign. Lexical meaning comprises of different characteristics, which are interrelated and work together among themselves. L.A. Novikov differentiates here the significative meaning, the structural, which in turn is subdivided into syntagmatic and paradigmatic, emotive, and denotative. Novikov projected however another model, which produces all the kinds of relationships that shape the structure of the sign semantic, syntactic, pragmatic and sygmatic. Below is a passing of this model.

Economic Value of Sustainable Development

Economic Value of Sustainable DevelopmentIntroductionThe generation living forthwith should leave the enhancement of air, water and soil resources as normal, as pure and not polluted as they found it to be for the future generations. Its quiet unworkable to achieve such(prenominal) intergenerational equity given global environsal problems that emanate through human activities. Therefore interest the Brundtland (1987) view, Sustainable Development implies meeting ontogenyal needs of present human beings without compromising/sacrificing the needs of future generations. Sustainable Development is an injunction not to satisfy ourselves by depriving our successors (future generation) a pure ecosystem, oddly of finite resources. Environmentalist/Ecologists typically argue that archiving sustainable development requires treating natural resources (exhaustible and non-exhaustible) with c ar as they form part of all human productive activities. Whilst on the new(prenominal) hand, Econo mists believe that single gainrs will automatically adopt environmental preferences such that it leads towards environmental preservation, in other(a) words the grocery will lap up all problems.Sustainable Development has arguably been the centre of debate amongst contrary instills of thought, particularly between the Neo Classical school of thought and the Ecological school of thought (as we can see the different approaches employ by the schools in the above paragraph). The environments capacity to accommodate human activity is questionable given the arising problems of unsustainable development thats enhanced by the rate at which earth de judge certain environmental creature comforts and also by the rate in which humans subtraction future costs and hits for present costs and benefits. This assignment is particularly aimed at exploring, how valuing and throw outing of the bionomic system by humans relate to sustainable development.The rule behind discounting by indivi duals is the preference for consumption now as opposed to virtuallytime in the future (time preference). This preference may be composed of factors associated with the attempt in delaying consumption, with the fact that increased wealth in the future might reduce the relative worth of the postponed consumption, and with possibly irrational, pure time preference (Tim Cowards, 1997 28-39). Whilst on the other hand R. Kerry Turner, Jouni Paavola,, (2003 493-510) believe the rationale behind rating is not having a defined monetary worth tag on environmental goods nevertheless(prenominal) rather to express the loading of a marginal change in ecosystem services provision in terms of a trade aside against other things people value.Theoretical Analysis of the Discount Rate Sustainable DevelopmentAs defined earlier, discounting future environmental benefits for present environmental benefits has resulted in striking controversies and can apply severe implications on constitution f ormulations that seek to strengthen abatement levels in achieving sustainable development. Environmentalists typically despise the act of discounting as it impoverishes the ecological well-being of future generations thus resulting to unsustainable development. In understanding the concept of discounting, John Quiggin (1997 pp. 65 90) applies a basic example where if a 1 dollar benefit subject to arise in thirty years, comprising a discounted current value of 10 cents, an individual consumer in thirty years will in that locationfore take for at margin, a weight of 10 cents relative to an individual born today. This basic example shows how future generations can be made worse off due to present human activities. Therefore we can clearly see that policies which seek to enhance present consumption coupled with resource depletion such that theres predominantly scarcer finite resources in the future is associated with discounting procedures. Therefore the discounting procedure in-rela tion to sustainable development hampers strategic aims of intergeneration equity that seeks to distribute finite resources equally for both(prenominal) current and future generations.Tom Crowards (1997, 28-39) stipulates that the rationale behind discounting by the troupe is that they face a preference on whether to consume now or to consume in the future (time preference). Such that this factor is associated with risk of delaying consumption, as the value of the worth in the future might be relatively worth less in present terms. Given that we can clearly see that theres an opportunity cost associated with present consumption, which is said to be the return that federation might derive by delaying consumption.Computation of the discount rateThe most common method to use when computing the discount rate is the Ramsey prescript. The Ramsey Rule enables us to get an efficient discount rate that is made equal to the interest rate, which measures the opportunity cost of funds in the economy. The discount rate is given by r r = + gWhere Measures the time preference faced by the society which was slightly discussed in the above section. This time preference stipulates the close to which the society discounts future well-being. Such that the higher(prenominal) the value of , relatively implies less abatement measures today as less weight is being put to future damages. Sterner Martin (2007, 07-37) argued that some economists use a very low time preference value anticipating the risk that future generations might not be alive to witness environmental problems particularly of humor change.Where is the marginal elasticity of receipts to income thus step the curvature of the public utility function. The higher the value on the marginal elasticity of utility to income relatively implies the richer we become in the future. Therefore the higher the value of , higher abatement levels will be taken as a higher results to higher environmental damages.Where g Res sembles the growth rate for a particular eceonomy. Most economists tend to fix it to one given implications and technicalities it may lead us to when attempt to find the discount rate.Discussion Analysis of Discount RatesThere has been large controversy amongst various authors such as Ralph Winkler (2009), Thomas Sterner Martin Persson (2012) over the period to which the current generation discount future environmental benefits. Ralph Winkler (2009) analyses optimal investment in environmental protection and believes that human beings engage in hyperbolic discounting which is derived from the shortcomings of exponential discounting. Hyperbolic discount rates suggest that the discount rate of the society declines overtime due to three factorsFirstly, Empirical evidence suggests policy makers utilize a declining discount rate rather than a constant discount rate when making decisions about abatement levels for future environment (Frederick et al 2002., Gintis, 2000).Secondly, im plications of uncertainty relating to the tell of the world in the future leads to certainty-equivalent discount rate (Azfar, 1999, Gollier, 2002, Weitzman, 1998).Thirdly, it is believed that declining discount rates are consistent with intergenerational equity (Li Lofgren, 2000, Chichilnisky, 1996).Hyperbolic discount rate has its limitations such as its failure to be time-consistent therefore Ralph Winkler assumes a non-overlapping generation which is represented by a single agent. He believed the limitations of hyperbolic discounting will be eliminated by presumptuous the above and given that hyperbolic discounting stems from the societies uncertainty over the future, than theres no issue of time-inconsistencies if plans about the environment are updated as new selective information becomes available.On the other hand, the view of a high discount rate by Thomas Sterner Martin Persson (2007) stems from the Stern Review (2006) which was a discussion paper aimed at providing pol icy makers input on the impact of climate change. Thomas Sterner Martin Persson based their strong criticism over the low discount rate and non-market damages of climate change that are underestimated in the Stern Report. The two authors believed taking into account relative price could change the composition of the discount rate as changing relative prices (particularly of environmental goods) due to climate change can have severe impacts on the economy. Given that, the Stern Review made use of the Ramsey Rule when computing the discount rate as shown by the following equationr = + gThomas Sterner Martin Persson (2007) modified the Ramsey Rule that gave a low discount rate and rather made use of the DICE nonplus which takes into account changing relative prices between market goods and environmental goods such that they arrive to the following equationTaking into account relative prices (particularly the environmental component denoted by E) will result to a high discount rate such that policy makers will strengthen abatement measures of the dealing with the impacts of climate change. The figure below presents a scenario where after relative prices are taken into account policy makers intern take severe abatement measures of dealing with climate change which can be significantly reduced by minimizing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.As we can see in the above figure, initially the Stern discounting (low discount rate) comprises a low carbon dioxide emissions compared to Sterner Martins discounting (high discount rate) but in the long-term the high discount rate results to low carbon dioxide emission compared to a low discount rate given changes in relative prices of environmental goods. This effect illustrates that taking relative prices into account can enhance necessary abatement levels thats in the same order of magnitude as changing the discount rate.Theoretical Analysis of Economic Valuation Sustainable DevelopmentIt is believed that pred ominant sustainable development is coupled with the extent to which the society determine the environment and the extent to which the society is willing invests current environmental benefits to future generations. Environmental valuation is believed to be the process by which the society attaches monetary values on environmental goods and services. Environmental goods and services can be complex in-terms of breaking them down and attaching monetary values as many of which have no easily observed market prices, this includes environmental goods and services ranging from coral reefs, scenic views, biodiversity, mountain vistas, etc. The benefits of having an environment are believed to have value solitary(prenominal) if they enter an individuals utility function or a firms production function, such that environmental benefits that fail to meet the two conditions are said to have no economic value (Nick Hanley, Clive L. Spash, 1488-1490). Therefore the rationale behind monetary val uing the costs and benefits of environmental goods and services is to allow for monetary comparison between market goods and non-market goods.Richard B. Howarth Richard B. Norgaard (1992, 473-477) stated that the imperfection of the environmental market is a major source of societies overexploiting the availability of natural resources such that, if the value of these resources are known then optimal efficient levels would emanate. Its further emphasized that environmental value towards achieving sustainable development is interdependent upon each generations commitment towards transferring to the next capable natural resources and capital assets to make development sustainable. Therefore, Richard B. Howarth Richard B. Norgaad (1997, 473-477) explicitly states the existence of a relationship between intertemporal allocative efficiency and intergenerational asset distribution towards understanding how valuing affects sustainable development. This explicit relationship is depicted by the graph belowIn the above figure, we can see that the vertical axis measures utility of future generations and the horizontal axis measuring the utility of current generations. The 45* degree line represents the substitutability threshold between future and current generations. Each mind on the utility possibility frontier represents an efficient allocation of resources. If initially the economy is inefficient at point A, environmental valuation could possibly move the economy to point B (on the utility possibility frontier). Neither of the two points are sustainable given that future generations are made worse-off by the actions of current generations. Policy and capital punishment of intergenerational equity within the economy could possibly move the economy to point A* which is inefficient but sustainable. A society that values environmental amenities would enhance a sustainable and efficient allocation of environmental resources such that the economy is at point B*.Appr oaches to environmental valuationEconomists define valuation based on an anthropocentric, utilitarian approach, which focuses on measures of individual well-being. The economic value of changes in environmental goods and services is derived from measuring the effects of these changes on human welfare (Lee, J.F.J., M. Springborn, S.L Handy, J.F. Quinn and F.M. lead on, 2010, Pp.123). Economists typically argue that the multiple values of the ecosystem can be best represented by the total economic value (TEV) framework which comprises use values and non-use values.Use values are regarded as values related to environmental features associated with an individual. The use-values can be look at or indirect to such an extent that direct use-value involves human interactions with the environment, whilst direct use-values can be classified into consumption and non-consumption uses. Consumption-uses involve the extraction of resources from the ecosystem for human consumption (consumable res ources such as, fish, food, timber, etc.). While on the other hand, non-consumption uses are environmental goods not directly associated with the day-to-day consumption activities of humans (these include, wild-life viewing, hiking, scenic vistas, etc.). Indirect uses are derived from environmental functions such as groundwater recharge and the option of retention use-values at a later stage respectively.Non-use values are the remaining values aside from consumption and non-consumption uses. This includes existence value, such that people benefit by having knowledge of the existence of a particular environmental attribute. The distinction made can be best summarized by the following figure below soma 3 Classification of total economic value and valuation methodsMethodologies for valuating environmental goods servicesTherere two broad categories for evaluating environmental goods and services, according to Lee, J.F.J., M. Springborn, S.L Handy, J.F. Quinn and F.M. Shilling (2010, P p.123) these two categories include propounded preferences and stated preferences. Both categories can be used to capture use-values but stated preference is more adequate in measuring non-use values.Revealed PreferencesThis approach is fairly dependent upon the connection between market goods and non-market goods such that advantage can be taken by the amount of money salaried for market goods .e.g. the connection between local water quality and residential housing. Revealed preferences by and large involve choices that humans make in the market. Revealed preferences include methods of evaluation such as Recreational demand, hedonistics, Market prices, and averting behaviour.Recreational Demand Method Recreational components of environmental typically include wildlife viewing, boating, hiking, etc. therefore the quality of the environment can arguably affect these unskilled opportunities at site. Therere two basic models used to value recreational components provided by the en vironment, theyre hackneyed travel cost models and the random utility model. The standard travel cost model identifies the number of visits to particular environmental site and random utility model considers the individuals choice of selection from a range of environmental sites. This method of valuation can be best applied if an environmental attribute of concern influences recreational use.Hedonic Models Explains price differences using data on the different characteristics of a marketed good. These are implicit prices of attributes and are revealed to economic agents from observed prices of differentiated products and the particular proposition amounts of characteristics associated with them (Rosen 1974). If the Hedonic price function is estimated accurately then estimates represent an individuals marginal willingness to pay for the environmental quality. This method is commonly used if an environmental attribute directly affects the price of marketed goods.Market Prices Method When environmental goods or services can be purchased in the market then market prices can be directly used to evaluate environmental attributes. This process is regarded as the production function approach as it considers the environmental conditions as an input in the production of marketed goods. In other words, environmental attributes contribute to the production of marketed goods. This application of this approach is mostly present in habitat and fishery linkages.Averting behaviour Models Averting behaviour models asses the individuals willingness to engage in defensive behaviour in an attempt to eliminate morbidity risk by achieving a desired level of wellness while accounting for the cost of defensive behaviour. In other words, averting behaviour models asses the individuals act of protecting health and the general well-being.Stated PreferencesHere economists generally consider intentions made by the individuals in hypothetical market situations. Stated preference methods ar e based upon surveys that distinguish values that individuals place on goods or services. Stated preferences comprises of two segments, namely contingent valuation and conjoint analysis which both comprise the adoption of simulated markets. This sort of valuation methods are the only ones capable of capturing non-use values as theyre mostly used when collecting information on the value placed on environmental attributes by those who value their existence. item Valuation A contingent valuation basically describes an environmental scenario and therefore estimates the value attached to the particular environmental change scenario. Individuals would therefore reveal their willingness to pay (WTP) for the change. In other words, this sort of method evaluates an individuals willingness to pay or accept a specific change in environmental attribute. In order for the survey to be effective, respondents a required to understand whats being valued and have a sense on how they would be willing to trade off between changing environmental attribute and income.Conjoint Analysis This statistical method is typically used in ascertain the value of a set of environmental attributes. Researchers generally identify a set of environmental attributes of which individuals/respondents are expected to rank these environmental attributes to a specific value. This method has been projected useful when dealing with environmental evaluation questions that cover multiple dimensions which vary over a range. As conjoint analysis considers trade-offs among different dimensions, this method can be used to rank policy options that would have various impacts over multiple attributes of the environmental amenity of concern. Conjoint Analysis and Contingent Valuation are similar when applied accept that conjoint analysis doesnt ask respondents to disclose their willingness to pay for environmental amenities.

Skew Detection of Devanagari Script Using Pixels

reoriented detection of Devanagari Script Using PixelsSkew detection of Devanagari Script Using Pixels of Axes-Parallel Rect tap and Linear RegressionTrupti A. JundaleRavindra S. HegadiAbstractSkew maculation and correction of handwritten data is oneness of the difficult tasks in pattern recognition argona. Here we illust roam the method for reoriented detection and correction of Devanagari handwritten deal. The proposed approach works for individual skew. The scuttlebutt meets for this research are collected from various writers and strike single/ furnish skew ledgers/ paths. The proposed approach uses digressive pixels of axes parallel rectangle and linear backsliding method to calculate the skew of term/line. Finally rotation transformation is apply for correction of skew of word/line which is calculated by linear regression. This proficiency achieves 89% true statement to correct skew of word and achieves 93% accuracy to correct skew of line for handwritten De vanagari script.Index TermsPreprocessing, Axes-parallel rectangle, Linear Regression, Skew detection, Skew correctionI. IntroductionThe frequency of digital muniment extends to develop at a brisk rate in spite of the usage of paper base documents. As a result, the renovation of paper documents to its electronic version and its consequent image processing and intelligence have been converted into a vital screening area in computer vision and pattern recognition researches. With recent emergence and widespread application of multimedia technologies, there is an increasing demand to create a paperless environment, hence, document image processing in general and Optical Character identification (OCR) in particular is playing an important role in transformation of the traditional paper based environment to truly paperless electronic environment3.Devanagari is one of the mainly utilize and espouses writing system in the world. The plate/official language of India (Hindi) and Nepal (Nepali) uses Devanagari Script. Many other languages like Marathi (state language of Maharashtra), Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Bodo, Dogri etc. comes under Devanagari Script. As Indias national language uses Devanagari script, lot of official data is in written format before the era of digitization. So in the todays world of digitization, it is inevitable to keep record of handwritten/printed data in digital form. To make this, Optical Character course credit (OCR) system is carried out. The detection and correction of skew is one of the essential steps in any character recognition or document processing system. Because of the writing genre of the Devanagari script, it is difficult to detect skew as compared to any other script. The writing style of every person may vary so there is presence of multiple skew in data. Skew is the angle which diverges from x-axis. The successful skew detection and correction turns next process like analysis of character or OCR to be ac curate. The document may contain three type of skew single/uniform skew, multiple skew and non-uniform skew. Single/uniform skew is, when all text lines in a document have same orientation. Multiple skew is, when some text lines have different orientation than other and non-uniform skew is, when orientation changes within a line. in that location is lot of research available for skew detection of scanned document image but less work is available for skew detection of text/word.II. Devanagari scriptOne of the main parts of Brahmic family is a Devanagari Script, which is be from Indo-Aryan languages. It is written from left to right. Unlike Latin script, concept of upper/lower case is scatterbrained in Devanagari script. It consists of 33 consonants and 14 vowels. Generally every word written in most of the Devanagari Script will have a header line on group of characters, called as Shirorekha and this is considered as one word 7. Vowels that can be written as separate characters or by victimisation diacritical mark marks on below, upper, before or after consonants are called modifiers. In Devanagari script, two or three consonants can be written as a single character, which is known as compound character. Fig.1 shows different features of Devanagari script.Fig. 1. Devanagari Script WordThe main characters of word are written in middle regularize. Upper zone and lower zone are for modifiers and Shirorekha is drawn at header line. In Fig.1 two characters are combined to form a new shape of single character known as compound character.III. Related WorkIn the literature, algorithms that estimate the angle at which a text/document image is go around are surveyed. The broad classes of technique are identified, which include methods that calculate skew from Hough transform, swimming projection write, Fourier transform, nearest-neighbour or principal component analysis. The basic method used by each class of technique is presented and the contributions of indi vidual algorithms within each class are discussed.Hough Transform One of the best feature extraction technique used in digital image processing and computer vision is Hough Transform. It is mainly used for detection of regular curves such as lines, ellipses, circles etc. The simplest case of Hough transform is the linear transform for detecting straight lines. The line in the image space is just a single point in the statement space. 1 uses Hough transform method for detection of document skew. A novel skew correction algorithm is proposed focusing on boundary line that optimizes speed and accuracy by using Hough transform to get the skew corrected licences plate images in 2.Fourier Transform In this method first 2-D Fourier transform will be applied to the image plane. Then, coefficients of the power spectrum are calculated and stored in a spectrum. A localiseional criterion for each angle is then calculated. The angle that maximizes the directional criterion is assumed to give the skew angle of the image.Projection Profile Projection Profile can be a horizontal projection visibility or vertical projection profile. The horizontal/vertical projection profile is a histogram of the number of black pixels along horizontal/vertical scan lines. In projection profiles, histogram is created at each possible angle and a cost use of goods and services is applied to this histogram. The skew angle is the angle at which this cost function is maximized. Mostly horizontal projection profile method is used for scanned document skew detection. 6 exploits the unique property of the writing line of Arabic script and is based on connected component analysis and projection profiles. Skew detection of theoretical account images scheme based on morphological method and projection profile analysis is proposed in 8.Nearest Neighbour In Nearest Neighbour method histogram of the direction angle is computed. 5 uses a Focused Nearest Neighbour thumping (FNNC) of interest points and the analysis of paragraphs/lines. Chains with a largest possible number of nearest neighbour pairs are selected and their slopes are computed to give the skew angle of document image. separate than these techniques, one-step skew and orientation detection method using a well-established geometric text-line exercise is used in 11. The advantage of this method is that it combines accurate skew estimation with robust, resolution-independent orientation detection. 12 proposed a Rectangular Active Contour Model (RAC Model) for content region detection and skew angle calculation by dread a rectangular shape constraint on the zero-level set in Chain-Vese Model (C-V Model) according to the rectangular feature of content regions in document images. B. V. Dhandra et.al, 13 uses image dilation and region labelling approach for binary document skew detection. Apart from this, fast and robust skew estimation techniques like a bilinear filtering model which is used to detect edges existing in the document, COG (Centre of Gravity) method are used in the literature.IV. Proposed MethodologyThis section illustrates the proposed methodology for skew detection and correction. fraction A describes pre-processing step. Section B describes extraction of axes parallel rectangle pixels. Skew detection using linear regression is described in C. Section D describes skew correction technique and last section E describes steps of proposed algorithm.A. Pre-processingThe input to the system is a word or a line of single/uniform skew of handwritten Devanagari script which is scanned by optical scanner or captured by digital camera. Acquired input is pre-processed for removing noise. Firstly input image is converted into gray scale image and then thresholding is applied over for converting given image into binary image containing only black and white pixels. In this binarized image, white pixels counterbalance background and black pixels represent foreground.B. Axes-Parallel RectangleTh is stage calculates the area of axes-parallel rectangle. The angle with the to the lowest degree area of the axes-parallel rectangle represents the skew angle. Outer tangential pixels of an input word/line are used to form an axes-parallel rectangle. Figure 2 shows tangential pixels of skew one are embedded into an axes-parallel rectangle.Fig. 2 (a) Skewed rectangle fitted in an Axes-parallel rectangle (b) Rectangle with zero skew.C. Skew Detection afterward getting required pixels using axes-parallel rectangle, linear regression formula is used to detect skew of word/line. Regression analysis can be used to identify the line or curve which provides the best fit through a set of data points. Linear regression analyzes the relation mingled with two variables, X and Y. The variables X and Y are known and the problem is to fit best straight line through X and Y. In general, the refinement of linear regression is to find the line that best predicts Y from X. Linear regression does th is by finding the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from line. Linear regression does not test whether the data are linear. It assumes that the data is linear, and finds the slope and intercept that make a straight line best fit the given data. The ending of linear regression is to adjust the values of slope and intercept to find the line that best predicts Y from X.Fig. 3 (a) bandage of data without best-fit line (b) Plot of data with best-fit line.This is the simple linear regression model where 0 and 1 are unknown constants and is the residual error. To fit the regression line in the equating of the data (x1, y1), (x2, y2),..,(xn, yn) by finding best match between the line and the data. The best choice of 0+1 will be chosen to minimize,This is called the least square fit. The equation (2) implies After little algebra, getwhere and (4)Equation (3) gives slope of the regression line and Equation (4) gives the intercept. The slop e of the line is nothing but the skew angle of our word/line. Fig.4 shows the slope and intercept of a best fit line.Fig. 4 Slope and intercept of a best fit lineAfter calculating slope using linear regression, skew is calculated using the formula,This gives the required skew of word.D. Skew CorrectionAfter the skew angle of the word/line has been detected, the word/line must be rotated in order to correct this skew. Various methods used for skew correction are direct method, indirect method and contour-oriented method etc. The direct method uses rotation transformation in which corresponding pixels in the input image will be transformed to new location by using equation (1) (5)Where (x, y) are the co-ordinates of pixels belonging to the word for which skew has to be detected and (x, y) are the co-ordinates of pixels belonging to the word after correction. For a pixel (x, y) in the output image, the indirect method finds corresponding pixel in the input image and assigns a value of (x, y) to (x, y) using Equation (2). (6)We apply direct method for skew correction which simply rotate calculated skew angle to horizontal angle. The detected angle by linear regression is corrected by applying rotation transformation. The word/line is rotated with angle. The word/line is corrected by rotating at positive angle if the skew detection angle is negative and corrected by rotating at negative angle if skew detection angle is positive.E. Algorithm graduation 1 Accept the input image which may be word or line.Step 2 Convert the given input into binary by using thresholding method.Step 3 Calculate the axes-parallel rectangle of binary image by finding minimum row and minimum column pixels.Step 4 Apply linear regression, Equation (3), to detect the skew of axes-parallel rectangle, which is the skew of original word/line.Step 5 Using Equation (6), correct the skew angle of word/line.V. Experimental ResultWe tried our algorithm for input images of handwritten document for Hi ndi and Marathi languages. The algorithm is tested on 500 linguistic communication and 300 lines of Devanagari script. The accuracy rate for skew correction of word is 89% and accuracy rate for uniform skew correction of line is 93%.Mostly the word with single character or small size length does not give accurate result because of the lack of a sufficient number of minima points. evade I shows the sample results of words with skew detection of positive and negative angle and skew correction of all these.Results of word skewFigure 5 shows skew detection and correction of uniform skew line. We tested our algorithm for document with single/uniform skew and for skewed printed document also. For these kinds of input images, algorithm runs successfully.VI. ConclusionWe have proposed a methodology for skew detection and correction of word and line of handwritten Devanagari script. The slope of best line fit using linear regression algorithm is used for skew detection and it is corrected by simply rotating word/line by calculated angle. This method is tested on handwritten data of Hindi and Marathi language. The word dataset is collected from various writers for testing purpose which contains 500 words and 300 lines. The proposed approach can be modified for future work to get higher accuracy and for detection of documents contain multiple or non-uniform skew text.Fig. 5 (a) Skewed line (b) Axes-parallel rectangle of skewed line (c) Skew correction of lineVII. ReferencesDeepak Kumar, Dalwinder Singh, Modified approach of Hough transform for skew detection and correction in documented images, International Journal of research in Computer Science, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 37-40, April 2012.Arulmozhi K., Perumal S. A., Priyadarshini C.S.T., Nallaperumal K., render refinement using skew angle detection and correction for Indian licences plates, Computational Intelligence Computing explore (ICCIC), IEEE, pp. 1-4, Dec. 2012.B.V.Dhandra, H.Mallikarjun, Ravindra Hegadi, V.S .Malemath, Word-wise Script Identification from Bilingual Documents Based on Morphological Reconstruction, Visual Information Engineering, IEEE, pp 389-395, 2006.Kleber, Florian, Markus Diem, Robert Sablatnig, Robust Skew Estimation of Handwritten and Printed Documents Based on Grayvalue Images, International Conference on physique Recognition (ICPR), pp. 3020 3025, Aug. 2014.Ahmad Irfan, A Technique for Skew Detection of Printed Arabic Documents, Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization (CGIV), IEEE, pp. 62-67, Aug. 2013.Trupti A. Jundale, Ravindra S. Hegadi, Skew Detection and Correction of Devanagari Script Using Hough Transform, International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications, Procedia of Computer Science, Journal of Elsevier, March2015, in press.Liu, Zhoufeng, Jie Huang, Chunlei Li, Skew detection of fabric images based on edge detection and projection profile analysis, Foundations of Intelligent Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vol. 122, pp 483-488, 2012.H. K. Kwag, S. H. Kim, S. H. Jeony and G. S. Lee, Efficient skew estimation and correction algorithm for document images, Image and vision Computing, Vol. 20, pp. 25-35, Jan. 2002.van Beusekom, Joost, Faisal Shafait, and Thomas M. Breuel, Combined orientation and skew detection using geometric text-line modeling, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), Vol. 13, Issue 2, pp 79-92, June 2010.Fan, Huijie, Linlin Zhu, and Yandong Tang, Skew detection in document images based on rectangular active contour, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), Vol. 13.4, pp 261-269, Dec. 2010.B. V. Dhandra, V. S. Malemath, H. Mallikarjun and R. Hegadi, Skew detection in binary image documents based on image dilation and region labelling approach International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Vol. 2. pp 954-957, 2006.

The Klu Klux Klan Essay examples -- Klu Klux Klan Racism Essays

The Ku Klux Klan originated over one hundred years ago and has gone through many changes since its beginning. Although many population know the Ku Klux Klan exists, they do non understand its purpose or how it has changed throughout its life.After the Civil War ended, the Southern states went through a time known as Reconstruction. Ex-Confederate soldiers had returned home now, and they were be quiet upset about the outcome of the war. It is at this point in time that the Ku Klux Klan became a part of everyday life for many Southerners. In the beginning the Ku Klux Klan was started to be a way for people who had the same views to spend time together. The original members meant of the Ku Klux Klan to be a hilarious social corporation that would be full of rootless fun (Invisible Empire, p.9), though in later years the Ku Klux Klan became known for their violence against people outside the colour race and people who associated with them. Contrary to what most people believe, the K u Klux Klan was started because of a few people wanted to have some innocent fun, not because they were intending to start a chain of violence on anyone outside the white race.(The Klan, p.2)The Ku Klux Klan began in Pulaski, Tennessee, a small town south of Nashville. On the night of December 24, 1865 six ex-confederate soldiers were sitting around a fireplace it the law accountability of Judge Thomas M. Jones.(Invisible Empire, p.9) These six friends were having a discussion and were trying to come up with an idea to cheer themselves up. One of the men suggested that they should start a club and the rest of the men agreed with the idea. After discussing the mew idea, the men decided to meet again and retired for the night. The second meeting was again at Judge Thoma... ...BIBLIOGRAPHY Chalmers, David M. Hooded Americanism. peeled York Franklin Watts, 1981.Horn, Stanley F. Invisible Empire. Connecticut John E. Edwards, 1969.Imperial Klans of America. http//www.kkkk.net/index.ht ml. 13 April 2008.Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. http//www.kkk.com/intro.htmstands. 11 April 2008.Kajun Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. http//louisianaknights.com/belief.html. 13 April 2008.KKK, Though in Decline, Packs Punch. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 August 1996, Section News Analysis.Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. http//www.k-k-k.com/belief.html. 13 April 2008. uniting Georgia White Knights. http//www.theklan.com/inform.htm. 12 April 2008.Sims, Patsy. The Klan. New York Stein and Day, 1985.Southern Cross Militant Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. http//personal.atl.bellsouth.net/atl/a/k/akia/index.html. 12 April 2008.

Change Management Essay -- Work Technology Papers

Change Management Change is not something to be taken lightly. This expel of counterchange is one of the greatest challenges in the workplace today (Fralix, P., 1998). One of the pitfalls of change within an organization is employees fear of what change will bring. Will implementing modern technologies destroy my job? Will I be able to keep up with the changes in my organization? These are some of the questions that bring about employee emergency to changes in business. This very apprehension can determine the success or the failure of change within that system. Yet change is inevitable. Much like the Darwinian theory of survival, the company that can adapt with changes in emerging technologies will survive in todays society. So how does a company adapt to changes? The company employs change management strategies in their business. What is Change Management? Why is it important for instructional Technologists to use change management when introducing new innovations to the organi zation? In this paper I will define change management, discuss some positive strategies to change management. I will also point out why it is important for Instructional Technologists to use positive change management strategies.Change ManagementChanges, that makes the strain. Changes David Bowe What is Change Management? In the EBSCO Business Search there were one hundred and fourscore three articles on this very topic. Obviously this is a hot topic in Management and Business journals, yet only one article offered a definition of what change management is. In the article, world(prenominal) trends in Managing Change Lisa Kudray and Brian Kleiner offer this definition,Change Management is defined as the continuous process of positioning an organi... ...r) Top-down leadership critical to change issue. Triangle Business Journal, (14) 2, 21. Retrieved October 28, 1999 from EBSCO business search on Galileo http//www.galileo.gsu.eduGoldwasser, C. & Schneider D. ( 1998, March). Be a mode l leader of change. Management Review, (87) 3 , 41-46.. Retrieved October 28, 1999 from EBSCO business search on Galileo http//www.galileo.gsu.eduHofman, D. & Orlikowski, W. ( 1997, Winter). An improvisational model for change Management The case of GroupWare technologies. Sloan Management Review,(38) 2 , 11-22. Retrieved October 28, 1999 from EBSCO business search on Galileo http//www.galileo.gsu.eduKleiner, B. & Kudray, L (1997, May/June). Global trends in managing change. Industrial Management, (39) 3, 18-21. Retrieved October 28, 1999 from EBSCO business search on Galileo http//www.galileo.gsu.edu